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In the citing paper
“the wild, rats live in mixed-sex groups, which typically do not exceed 10 to 15 individuals.24,66”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“For example, studying animals in small cages might promote direct fighting instead of chasing and avoidance, typically observed in large habitats.66,67”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, it seems that when the size of such collective exceeds some threshold (around 20 animals), out-group aggression is reduced and rats ignore or accept also unknown conspecifics.66”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
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Rodent models in neuroscience research: is it a rat race?
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“It is thought that this behaviour reduces aggression and infanticide – the presence of males in litters in laboratory settings has even been found to enhance growth and survival of the offspring (Lore and Flannelly, 1977).”
BackgroundThe neurobiology of social play behavior in rats
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Niesink, R. J. M., & Van Pee, J. M. (1997) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00020-6 · Cited by 559
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A descriptive study of social development in the rat (Rattus norvegicus)
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The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats
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Social contacts and production of 50-kHz short ultrasonic calls in adult rats.
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Play as a reinforcer for maze-learning in juvenile rats
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“…isolation of the animals during this period leads to altered or reduced mating activity (Gerall, Ward, & Gerall, 1967; Gruendal & Arnold, 1969; Hard & Larsson, 1968), reduced affiliative interactions in adulthood (Meaney & Stewart, 1979) and increased agonistic behaviors (Lore & Flannelly, 1977).”
BackgroundSex Differences in Social Play: The Socialization of Sex Roles
Meaney, M. J., Stewart, J., & Beatty, W. W. (1985) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60486-6 · Cited by 171
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Programming social, cognitive, and neuroendocrine development by early exposure to novelty
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Dominance and aggression in social groups of male and female rats
Blanchard, D. C., Fukunaga, C. S., Takahashi, L. K., Flannelly, K. J., & Blanchard, R. J. (1984) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(84)90006-8 · Cited by 98
Self-citationSequential analysis of social play behavior in juvenile rats: effects of morphine
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Spruijt, B. M., Hol, T., Niesink, R. J. M., & van Ree, J. M. (1995) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(96)00060-5 · Cited by 93
Aggression persists after ovariectomy in female rats
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Social play alters regional brain opioid receptor binding in juvenile rats
Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Stein, E. A., Wiegant, V. M., & Van Ree, J. M. (1995) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(95)00256-p · Cited by 88
Ethology and Neuropharmacology: Rodent Ultrasounds
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Wacker, D. W., Wingfield, J., Davis, J. E., & Meddle, S. L. (2010) · The Journal of comparative neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.22426 · Cited by 78
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“…and beyond basic activities such as exploration of the environment, search for food, and escape from predators, they devote a great portion of their spontaneous behavior to advanced and complex mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of the social milieu (e.g., Lore and Flannelly, 1977).”
BackgroundHurst, J. L., Barnard, C. J., Nevison, C. M., & West, C. D. (1997) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600020042 · Cited by 82
Origins of Behavior in Pavlovian Conditioning
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Social environment determines the long-term effects of social defeat
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Interaction between isolation rearing and social development on exploratory behavior in male rats
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Tang, A. C., Nakazawa, M., Romeo, R. D., Reeb, B. C., Sisti, H., & McEwen, B. S. (2005) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2004.10.010 · Cited by 78
Sequential Analysis of Juvenile Isolation-Induced Decreased Social Behavior in the Adult Rat
den Berg, C. L. V., van Ree, J. M., & Spruijt, B. M. (1999) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00062-1 · Cited by 74
The effects of individual housing on mice and rats: a review
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den Berg, C. L. V., van Ree, J. M., Spruijt, B. M., & Kitchen, I. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00717.x · Cited by 69
Sex-specific social regulation of inflammatory responses and sickness behaviors
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“This sexual diphenism is regulated in part by a higher expression of the LPS-binding Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and CD14 in macrophages of males relative to females (Marriott et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., & Reinhart, C. J. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511711879.037 · Cited by 77
Social stress, mortality and aggression in colonies and burrowing habitats
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Self-citationBringing natural behaviors into the laboratory: a tribute to Paul MacLean
Blanchard, R. J., & Blanchard, D. C. (2003) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00157-4 · Cited by 62
Seyfarth, R. M. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009821 · Cited by 61
Performances of inbred and outbred laboratory mice in putative tests of aggression
Jones, S. E., & Brain, P. F. (1987) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01066013 · Cited by 59
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Vagal Withdrawal and Susceptibility to Cardiac Arrhythmias in Rats with High Trait Aggressiveness
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Gazes, R. P., Basile, B. M., Adachi, I., et al. (2010) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019751 · Cited by 43
“It is important for each individual to know their place in the hierarchy and act accordingly; aggressing towards a higher-ranking animal can result in injury or death (Lore & Flannelly, 1977).”
BackgroundSocial interactions among rodent conspecifics: a review of experimental paradigms
Wills, G. D., Wesley, A. L., Moore, F. R., & Sisemore, D. A. (1983) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(83)90035-0 · Cited by 40
Morphine attenuates the effects of juvenile isolation in rats
den Berg, C. L. V., van Ree, J. M., & Spruijt, B. M. (2000) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00216-6 · Cited by 41
Short-term social memory in the laboratory rat: its susceptibility to disturbance
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“…after an initial task can reduce subsequent performance of that task Ž .e.g., Rodriguez et al., 1993 , has revealed that spatial memory in rats appears resistant Ž .to disruption when the interpolated ‘between-tests’ event is different to the original Ž .learned task e.g., Maki et al., 1979 .”
Cultural Transmission in the Black Rat: Pine Cone Feeding
Terkel, J. (1995) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60393-9 · Cited by 40
Noble, J., Todd, P. M., & Tucif, E. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1342 · Cited by 39
Hurst, J. L., Barnard, C. J., Nevison, C. M., et al. (1998) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600020455 · Cited by 36
Ontogenetic interaction between social relationships and defensive burying behavior in the rat
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Post partum aggression against intruding male conspecifics in sprague-dawley rats
Flannelly, K. J., Flannelly, L., & Lore, R. (1986) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(86)90090-2 · Cited by 31
Self-citation‘Anxiety’ in laboratory rodents: a brief review of some recent behavioural developments
Brain, P. F., Kusumorini, N., & Benton, D. (1991) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(91)90010-w · Cited by 33
Ambiguous motoneurons discharging synchronously with ultrasonic vocalization in rats
Yajima, Y., & Hayashi, Y. (1983) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00239201 · Cited by 32
The effects of environmental context on laboratory rat social recognition
Burman, O. H. P., & Mendl, M. (1999) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1170 · Cited by 30
“Although juveniles can be intimidated by adults, physical injury is rare (Lore & Flannelly 1977).”
BackgroundExperiential contributions to social dominance in a rat model of fragile-X syndrome
Saxena, K., Webster, J., Hallas-Potts, A., Mackenzie, R., Spooner, P. A., Thomson, D., Kind, P. C., Chatterji, S., & Morris, R. (2018) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0294 · Cited by 27
Gentsch, C., Lichtsteiner, M., & Feer, H. (1988) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(88)90107-6 · Cited by 28
Dominance: An intervening variable
Hinde, R. A., & Datta, S. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009754 · Cited by 27
Olfactory perception and inclusive fitness
Thor, D. H. (1979) · Physiological Psychology · doi:10.3758/bf03326646 · Cited by 27
“Lore and Flannelly (1977) have recently referred to Telle's findings in support of their thesis that efficient social organization may be the most salient feature of environmental adaptibility.”
BackgroundDominance: Cause or description of social relationships?
Flannelly, K. J., & Blanchard, R. J. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009729 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPetrie, B. F. (1996) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.391 · Cited by 26
Sørensen, D. B., Ottesen, J. L., & Hansen, A. (2004) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600026932 · Cited by 26
Carnevali, L., Nalivaiko, E., & Sgoifo, A. (2014) · Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.resp.2014.07.003 · Cited by 24
Effects of a gentling programme on the behaviour of laboratory rats towards humans
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Within‐species variation in the development of ultrasonic signaling of preweanling rats
Graham, M., & Letz, R. (1979) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420120205 · Cited by 24
Conspecific Wounding in Free-Ranging R. Norvegicus From Stable and Unstable Populations
Blanchard, R. J., Pank, L. F., Fellows, D. P., et al. (1985) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395855 · Cited by 24
Yajima, Y., Hayashi, Y., & Yoshii, N. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90999-9 · Cited by 23
Arakawa, H. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112140 · Cited by 25
Arakawa, H. (2006) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20114 · Cited by 22
Living on the Boott: Health and well being in a boardinghouse population
Mrozowski, S. A., Bell, E. L., Beaudry, M. C., Landon, D. B., & Kelso, G. K. (1989) · World Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00438243.1989.9980108 · Cited by 22
Dominance relationships: The Cheshire cat's grin?
Altmann, S. A. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009638 · Cited by 21
Stark, R. A. M., Ramkumar, R., & Pellis, S. M. (2021) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2021.34.5592 · Cited by 20
“Therefore, functioning within the group requires a repertoire of social behaviours that can be used in contextually appropriate ways (Barnett, 1975; Lore & Flannelly, 1977; Meaney & Stewart, 1979).”
Borella, A., Sumangali, R., Ko, J., & Whitaker‐Azmitia, P. M. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00373-x · Cited by 19
The Measurement of Aggression in the Laboratory
Benton, D. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-8609-1_33 · Cited by 19
Popik, P., Cyrano, E., Piotrowska, D., Hołuj, M., Gołębiowska, J., Malikowska‐Racia, N., Potasiewicz, A., & Nikiforuk, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1329424 · Cited by 18
“Rat ’ s social life (Lore and Flannelly, 1977) is extremely complex (Barnett, 1958; Calhoun, 1962; Whishaw and Kolb, 2005) and sensitive to pharmacological manipulations; e.g., (Panksepp et al., 1979; Popik et al., 1992).”
BackgroundDominance relationships and ranks: Explanations, correlations, and empirical challenges
Bernstein, I. S. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009857 · Cited by 17
Competition for sucrose-pellets in triads of male wistar rats: Effects of three serotonergic drugs
Gentsch, C., Lichtsteiner, M., & Feer, H. (1988) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0278-5846(88)90009-7 · Cited by 17
The effects of age and strain on aggression in male rats
Blanchard, R. J., Flannelly, K. J., Layng, M. P., & Blanchard, D. C. (1984) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(84)90219-1 · Cited by 16
Self-citationCopulatory behavior of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) in a two-male situation
Evans, R. L., & Dewsbury, D. A. (1978) · Behavioral Biology · doi:10.1016/s0091-6773(78)90883-0 · Cited by 16
Aggressive Behavior and Social Stress
de Boer, S. F., Buwalda, B., & Koolhaas, J. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00036-4 · Cited by 16
Vessey, S. H. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009845 · Cited by 15
Dominance tabulation: Giving form to concepts
Bramblett, C. A. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009687 · Cited by 15
The Ecology of Wild Rats: Applications in the Laboratory
Lore, R., & Schultz, L. A. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2403-1_41 · Cited by 15
Self-citationExperiential modulation of social dominance in a SYNGAP1 rat model of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Harris, E., Myers, H., Saxena, K., Mitchell‐Heggs, R., Kind, P. C., Chattarji, S., & Morris, R. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15500 · Cited by 15
“Rats are a species that is inherently social, which has evolved a complex social repertoire (Lore & Flannelly, 1977), and the outbred nature of the rats we used more closely mimics the genetic variation seen in humans.”
BackgroundTerranova, M. L., Loggi, G., Chiarotti, F., & Giovanni Laviola, A. (2000) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.4.325 · Cited by 15
The concept of dominance also has problems in studies on rodents
Brain, P. F. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009675 · Cited by 14
Adaptive Aspects of Neuronal Elements in Agonistic Behavior
Wiepkema, P. R., Koolhaas, J. M., & Olivier-Aardema, R. (1980) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(08)60076-x · Cited by 14
Marangoni, C., Tam, M., Robinson, E. S. J., & Jackson, M. G. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06420-9 · Cited by 11
“Mice and rats differ considerably at the behavioural level, including different social behaviours, reward-related behaviours (Lore and Flannelly 1977; Schmid-Holmes et al. 2001; Kummer et al. 2014), and task-related stress (Ellenbroek and Youn 2016).”
BackgroundReeb‐Sutherland, B. C., & Tang, A. C. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.010 · Cited by 13
Theories of Opiate Addiction: Time for Pruning
ALEXANDER, B. K., & Hadaway, P. F. (1981) · Journal of Drug Issues · doi:10.1177/002204268101100105 · Cited by 12
The logical status of dominance
Candland, D. K., & Hoer, J. B. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00009699 · Cited by 11
Dominance: On distinguishing the baby from the bathwater
Baenninger, R. (1981) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0000964x · Cited by 11
Effects of natural enrichment materials on stress, memory and exploratory behavior in mice
Acklin, C. J., & Gault, R. A. (2015) · Lab Animal · doi:10.1038/laban.735 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Lore, R., & Flannelly, K.
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1977-05
- Volume
- 236
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 106-116
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4248541571
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
- Keywords
- Rattus norvegicus, animal social behavior, social organization, communal living, sex equality, learning
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Animals, Avoidance Learning, Behavior, Animal, Female, Food Preferences, Grooming, Humans, Male, Social Behavior, Rats
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