Rodent models in neuroscience research: is it a rat race?
Open accessAbstract
Rodents (especially Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus) have been the most widely used models in biomedical research for many years. A notable shift has taken place over the last two decades, with mice taking a more and more prominent role in biomedical science compared to rats. This shift was primarily instigated by the availability of a much larger genetic toolbox for mice, particularly embryonic-stem-cell-based targeting technology for gene disruption. With the recent emergence of tools for altering the rat genome, notably genome-editing technologies, the technological gap between the two organisms is closing, and it is becoming more important to consider the physiological, anatomical, biochemical and pharmacological differences between rats and mice when choosing the right model system for a specific biological question. The aim of this short review and accompanying poster is to highlight some of the most important differences, and to discuss their impact on studies of human diseases, with a special focus on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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The rat is particularly amenable to measurements of cognitive-behavioral, endocrine, muscle, and cardiovascular endpoints, and extensive historical data exist on physiological changes with aging.
“The rat is particularly amendable to measurements of cognitive-behavioral, endocrine (e.g., glucose tolerance), muscle, and cardiovascular endpoints, and there is extensive historical data on physiological changes with aging [42–46].”
From Reducing Senescent Cell Burden in Aging and Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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Animal models of major depression: drawbacks and challenges
Planchez, B., Surget, A., & Belzung, C. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02084-y · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Reducing Senescent Cell Burden in Aging and Disease
Pignolo, R. J., Passos, J. F., Khosla, S., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2020) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.005 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Linking Social Cognition to Learning and Memory
Leblanc, H., & Ramirez, S. (2020) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1280-20.2020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
A rat epigenetic clock recapitulates phenotypic aging and co-localizes with heterochromatin
Levine, M., McDevitt, R. A., Meer, M., Perdue, K., Di Francesco, A., Meade, T., Farrell, C., Thrush, K., Wang, M., Dunn, C., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.59201 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Carter, C. S., Richardson, A., Huffman, D. M., & Austad, S. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz298 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Maurel, O. M., Torrisi, S. A., Barbagallo, C., Purrello, M., Salomone, S., Drago, F., Ragusa, M., & Leggio, G. M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22105157 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A transchromosomic rat model with human chromosome 21 shows robust down syndrome features.
Kazuki, Y., Gao, F. J., Yamakawa, M., Hirabayashi, M., Kazuki, K., Kajitani, N., Miyagawa-Tomita, S., Abe, S., Sanbo, M., Hara, H., et al. (2022) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.12.015 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Rhesus monkeys have an interoceptive sense of their beating hearts
Charbonneau, J. A., Maister, L., Tsakiris, M., & Bliss-Moreau, E. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2119868119 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Huntington, T. E., & Srinivasan, R. (2021) · Aging and disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2021.0517 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Toyonaga, T., Fesharaki-Zadeh, A., Strittmatter, S. M., Carson, R. E., & Cai, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.787404 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
(2020) · Database · doi:10.1093/database/baaa086 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ellenbroek, B., & Youn, J.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Ellenbroek, Bart
- Venue
- Disease Models & Mechanisms
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2016-10-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1079-1087
- ISSN
- 1754-8403 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-8411
- PMC
- PMC5087838
- OpenAlex
- W2529339498
- Cited by
- 627
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 45 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 8.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Disease Models & Mechanisms (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal testing and alternatives
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Animal Genetics and Reproduction
- Keywords
- rodent models, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, genetic engineering, gene targeting, genome editing, neuropsychiatric disorders, human disease models, model organism selection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Mental Disorders, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Biological Evolution, Humans, Neurosciences, Biomedical Research, Mice, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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