Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms
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Interaction with the surrounding environment can be crucial for defining cellular cooperation and the evolution of microbial communities.
“Even the interaction with the surrounding environment can be crucial for defining cellular cooperation and the evolution of microbial communities [16,17,18,19,20].”
From Microbiota of Cheese Ecosystems: A Perspective on Cheesemaking (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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Complete genome sequence of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)
Bentley, S. D., Chater, K. F., Cerdeño-Tárraga, A. M., Challis, G. L., Thomson, N. R., James, K., Harris, D. E., Quail, M. A., Kieser, H. M., Harper, D., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/417141a · Cited by 3,226 · see citing works
Microbial Biofilms: from Ecology to Molecular Genetics
Davey, M. E., & O’Toole, G. A. (2000) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.64.4.847-867.2000 · Cited by 3,072 · see citing works
Biomimicry of bacterial foraging for distributed optimization and control
Passino, K. M. (2002) · IEEE Control Systems · doi:10.1109/mcs.2002.1004010 · Cited by 3,075 · see citing works
Vicsek, T., & Zafeiris, A. (2012) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2012.03.004 · Cited by 2,923 · see citing works
Distributed Optimization by Ant Colonies
Colorni, A., Dorigo, M., Maniezzo, V., Varela, F. J., & Bourgine, P. (1992) · Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) · Cited by 2,748 · see citing works
The hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms
Lauga, E., & Powers, T. R. (2009) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/9/096601 · Cited by 2,428 · see citing works
Social semantics: altruism, cooperation, mutualism, strong reciprocity and group selection.
WEST, S. A., GRIFFIN, A. S., & GARDNER, A. (2007) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x · Cited by 1,889 · see citing works
“Shapiro & Dworkin, 1997; Shapiro, 1998; Bassler, 2002; Henke & Bassler, 2004), parasitology (reviewed by West et al., 2001, 2003), and agronomy (reviewed by Denison et al., 2003).”
Social evolution theory for microorganisms
West, S. A., Griffin, A. S., Gardner, A., & Diggle, S. P. (2006) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1461 · Cited by 1,183 · see citing works
“In this literature it is often assumed that cooperation is favoured because it provides a benefit at the population or species leve”
BackgroundFruiting body formation by <i>Bacillus</i> <i>subtilis</i>
Branda, S. S., González-Pastor, J. E., Ben-Yehuda, S., Losick, R., & Kolter, R. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.191384198 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
“The traditional view of bacteria as strictly unicellular organisms is increasingly being replaced by the that microbial communities often behave as multicellular organisms (32, 33).”
BackgroundSelf-Concentration and Large-Scale Coherence in Bacterial Dynamics
Dombrowski, C., Cisneros, L. H., Chatkaew, S., Goldstein, R. E., & Kessler, J. O. (2004) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.098103 · Cited by 1,109 · see citing works
Front propagation into unstable states
vanSaarloos, W. (2003) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2003.08.001 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
“, bacterial colonies can exhibit growth patterns which are reminiscent of Diffusion Limited Aggregation clusters [292] and other growth patterns [39,40,107,183,288].”
BackgroundMicrobial biofilms in intertidal systems: an overview
Decho, A. (2000) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/s0278-4343(00)00022-4 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Thinking about Bacterial Populations as Multicellular Organisms
Shapiro, J. A. (1998) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.81 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
“A more detailed discussion of particular aspects can be found in the recent book dedicated to this theme (148).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMicrofabrication meets microbiology
Weibel, D. B., DiLuzio, W. R., & Whitesides, G. M. (2007) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1616 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Collective patterns and decision-making
Deneubourg, J., & Goss, S. (1989) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/08927014.1989.9525500 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Wet Chemistry Synthesis of -Nickel Aluminide NiAl
Bönnemann, H., Brijoux, W., Hofstadt, H., Ely, T. O., Schmidt, W. N., Waßmuth, B., & Weidenthaler, C. (2002) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20020215)41:4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The evolution of social behavior in microorganisms
Crespi, B. J. (2001) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02115-2 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
The re‐emergence of “emergence”: A venerable concept in search of a theory
Corning, P. A. (2002) · Complexity · doi:10.1002/cplx.10043 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
“[56] Likewise, there are many different kinds of “symbiosis” between two or more different species in the natural world that involve a division/combination of labor.”
BackgroundBacterial solutions to multicellularity: a tale of biofilms, filaments and fruiting bodies
Claessen, D., Rozen, D. E., Kuipers, O. P., Søgaard‐Andersen, L., & van Wezel, G. P. (2014) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3178 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Ecology and genomics of Actinobacteria: new concepts for natural product discovery
van Bergeijk, D. A., Terlouw, B. R., Medema, M. H., & van Wezel, G. P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0379-y · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Confinement Stabilizes a Bacterial Suspension into a Spiral Vortex
Wioland, H., Woodhouse, F. G., Dunkel, J., et al. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.268102 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Volume-filling and quorum-sensing in models for chemosensitive movement
Painter, K. J., & Hillen, T. (2002) · Cited by 448 · see citing works
BacSim, a simulator for individual-based modelling of bacterial colony growth
Kreft, J., Booth, G., & WIMPENNY, J. W. T. (1998) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-144-12-3275 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
“The existing extensive literature on modelling bacterial colony growth is based on classical mathematical population models (Pirt, 1967; Grimson & Barker, 1994) and cellular automaton models (Ben-Jacob et al., 1994; Shapiro & Dworkin, 1997 ).”
MethodThe cognitive cell: bacterial behavior reconsidered
Lyon, P. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00264 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
“On the other hand, if enteric bacteria are capable of dynamic predictive behavior, rising temperatures should induce respiratory repression.”
BackgroundCapturing the superorganism: a formal theory of group adaptation
Gardner, A., & Grafen, A. (2009) · Journal of Evolutionary Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01681.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“‘superorganisms’ (Wheeler, 1911; Marais, 1925; Wells et al., 1929; Emerson, 1932; Wynne-Edwards, 1962, 1993; Seeley, 1989, 1997; Wilson & Sober, 1989; Ho¨lldobler & Wilson, 1990, 2009; Shapiro & Dworkin, 1997; Shapiro, 1998; Sober & Wilson, 1998; Reeve & Ho¨lldobler, 2007; Wilson & Wilson, 2007).”
Addiction Modules and Programmed Cell Death and Antideath in Bacterial Cultures
Engelberg–Kulka, H., & Glaser, G. (1999) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.43 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Bacterial linguistic communication and social intelligence
Jacob, E. B., Becker, I., Shapira, Y., & Levine, H. (2004) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.06.006 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Programmed Cell Death in Bacterial Populations
Yarmolinsky, M. B. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7846528 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Varieties of Living Things: Life at the Intersection of Lineage and Metabolism
Dupré, J., & O’Malley, M. A. (2009) · Philosophy and Theory in Biology · doi:10.3998/ptb.6959004.0001.003 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Liu, Y., & Passino, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications · doi:10.1023/a:1021207331209 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Penesyan, A., Paulsen, I. T., Kjelleberg, S. J., & Gillings, M. R. (2021) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/s41522-021-00251-2 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago
Albani, A. E., Bengtson, S., Canfield, D. E., Bekker, A., Macchiarelli, R., Mazurier, A., Hammarlund, E. U., Boulvais, P., Dupuy, J.-J., Fontaine, C., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09166 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
O’Toole, G. A., Gibbs, K. A., Hager, P. W., Phibbs, P. V., & Kolter, R. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.2.425-431.2000 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
“The products of the asg genes act early in development to sense the appropriate nutritional signals and initiate the formation of fruiting bodies (33).”
BackgroundSocial strife in the microbial world
Velicer, G. J. (2003) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(03)00152-5 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Fluid dynamics of self-propelled microorganisms, from individuals to concentrated populations
Cisneros, L. H., Cortez, R., Dombrowski, C., et al. (2007) · Experiments in Fluids · doi:10.1007/s00348-007-0387-y · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“In a sense, the collective behavior of a bacterial population converts it too into a type of multicellular ‘‘individual’’ (Shapiro and Dworkin 1997).”
BackgroundSpiers, A. J., Kahn, S. G., Bohannon, J., Travisano, M., & Rainey, P. B. (2002) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/161.1.33 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-organized structures in a superorganism: do ants “behave” like molecules?
Detrain, C., & Deneubourg, J. (2006) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2006.07.001 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“As such, natural selection has taken advantage of these mechanisms to solve a variety of problems faced by many group-living organisms including bacteria colonies [10,112], gregarious athropods [2,50,73,74], fish schools [28,99] and herding mammals [26,56].”
BackgroundFormation of complex bacterial colonies via self-generated vortices
Czirók, A., Ben‐Jacob, E., Cohen, I., et al. (1996) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.54.1791 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Tansley Review No. 107. Heterocyst and akinete differentiation in cyanobacteria
Adams, D. G., & Duggan, P. S. (1999) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00505.x · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Investigating Microbial (Micro)colony Heterogeneity by Vibrational Spectroscopy
Choo‐Smith, L., Maquelin, K., van Vreeswijk, T., et al. (2001) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.67.4.1461-1469.2001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
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Reaction–diffusion modelling of bacterial colony patterns
Mimura, M., Sakaguchi, H., & Matsushita, M. (2000) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(00)00085-6 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
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“Since similar properties are seen in multicellular development, biofilm formation has been viewed by some as a developmental process (Shapiro, 1988, 1998; O’Toole et al., 2000; Bonner, 2001; Kaiser, 2001; Stoodley et al., 2002; Wolpert et al., 2002; Aguilar et al., 2007; Monds and O’Toole, 2009).”
BackgroundBacteria are small but not stupid: cognition, natural genetic engineering and socio-bacteriology
Shapiro, J. A. (2007) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.09.010 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“In the 1990s, Marty and I organized a couple of meetings at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory on bacterial multicellularity and, in 1997, we published the first book on Bacteria as Multicellular Organisms (Shapiro & Dworkin, 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of quorum sensing in the in vivo virulence of
Rumbaugh, K. P., Griswold, J., & Hamood, A. N. (2000) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01327-7 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Thinking about Bacillus subtilis as a multicellular organism
Aguilar, C., Vlamakis, H. C., Losick, R. M., & Kolter, R. (2007) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2007.09.006 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“the Myxobacteria and the Actinomycetes, to today’s pervading view that nearly all bacteria are capable of multicellular behaviors [2].”
BackgroundCollective Information Processing and Pattern Formation in Swarms, Flocks, and Crowds
Moussaïd, M., Garnier, S., Théraulaz, G., & Helbing, D. (2009) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01028.x · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Sliding Motility in Mycobacteria
Martínez, A., Torello, S., & Kolter, R. (1999) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.181.23.7331-7338.1999 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
COOPERATIVE ORGANIZATION OF BACTERIAL COLONIES: From Genotype to Morphotype
Ben‐Jacob, E., Cohen, I., & Gutnick, D. L. (1998) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.779 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Will the generic models developed here be applicable in such circumstances? It is clear that both pattern formation and morphotype transition require a mode of organized cellular communication and cooperative multicellular behavior (72), demonstrating once again that, under specific conditions, certain microbial popul…”
BackgroundCollective Swimming and the Dynamics of Bacterial Turbulence
Wolgemuth, C. W. (2008) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.118257 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
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On the evolution of bacterial multicellularity
Lyons, N. A., & Kolter, R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.12.007 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Ben‐Jacob, E. (1997) · Contemporary Physics · doi:10.1080/001075197182405 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
“However, bacterial colonies in nature must regularly cope with hostile environmental conditions [5] [11].”
BackgroundThe quantum vacuum and the cosmological constant problem
Rugh, S. E., & Zinkernagel, H. (2002) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics · doi:10.1016/s1355-2198(02)00033-3 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
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The significances of bacterial colony patterns
Shapiro, J. A. (1995) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950170706 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationStudies of bacterial branching growth using reaction–diffusion models for colonial development
Golding, I., Kozlovsky, Y., Cohen, I., & Ben-Jacob, E. (1998) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(98)00345-8 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“During the course of evolution, bacteria have developed sophisticated cooperative behavior and intricate communication capabilities [1–5].”
BackgroundModel for dynamical coherence in thin films of self-propelled microorganisms
Aranson, I. S., Sokolov, A., Kessler, J. O., et al. (2007) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.75.040901 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria: United We Stand
von Bodman, S. B., Willey, J. M., & Diggle, S. P. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.00486-08 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Origins and Early Evolution of Predation
Bengtson, S. (2002) · The Paleontological Society Papers · doi:10.1017/s1089332600001133 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Size doesn’t matter: towards a more inclusive philosophy of biology
O’Malley, M. A., & Dupré, J. (2007) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-006-9031-0 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“Their communal activities range from carrying out coordinated cascades of metabolic processes to the regulation of host-parasite interaction and environmental modification (Dworkin 1997; Shapiro 1998; Hooper et al. 1998; 2001; Kolenbrander 2000; Crespi 2001).”
BackgroundScreening of traditional Chinese medicinal plants for quorum-sensing inhibitors activity
Koh, K. H., & Tham, F. Y. (2011) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2009.10.001 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Taking a genetic scalpel to the Streptomyces colony
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mazEF: a chromosomal toxin-antitoxin module that triggers programmed cell death in bacteria
Engelberg–Kulka, H., Hazan, R., & Amitai, S. (2005) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.02619 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Mycelium Differentiation and Antibiotic Production in Submerged Cultures ofStreptomyces coelicolor
Manteca, Á., Álvarez-Fernández, R., Salazar, N., et al. (2008) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02715-07 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
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“For instance, colonies of the predatory myxobacterium (Myxocuccus xanthus) are jointly able to engulf much larger prey than any one or a few could do and, more important, are able collectively to secrete digestive enzymes in concentrations that would otherwise be dissipated in the surrounding medium (Bonner, 1988; Sha…”
BackgroundSynergy and self‐organization in the evolution of complex systems
Corning, P. A. (1995) · Systems Research · doi:10.1002/sres.3850120204 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
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“lence may be extended to other pathogenic swarming bacteria, such as Serratia and Clostridium species [6, 17].”
BackgroundSelf-engineering capabilities of bacteria
Ben‐Jacob, E., & Levine, H. (2005) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2005.0089 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“information and internal assessment of external chemical messages [ 8-13 ].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSeeley, T. D., & Visscher, P. K. (2003) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0664-6 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“This is the " quorum sensing hypothesis, " related to quorum sensing in bacteria (Shapiro and Dworkin 1997), and studied already in ants (Pratt et al. 2002).”
BackgroundStudies of Bacterial Branching Growth Using Reaction-Diffusion Models for Colonial DevelopmentPreprint
Golding, I., Kozlovsky, Y., Cohen, I., & Ben‐Jacob, E. (1998) · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Deadly competition between sibling bacterial colonies
Be’er, A., Zhang, H., Florin, E., Payne, S. M., Ben‐Jacob, E., & Swinney, H. L. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0811816106 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ben‐Jacob, E. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2003.1199 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“After a while, these cells di¬erentiate back to swimmers, lling in new regions of a `consolidation phase' (Shapiro 1988, 1995; Albrecht-Buehler 1990; Rauprich et al .”
BackgroundInterface growth and pattern formation in bacterial colonies
Matsushita, M., Wakita, J.-I., Itoh, H., et al. (1998) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0378-4371(97)00511-6 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Immobilized Cell Technologies for the Dairy Industry
Champagne, C. P., Lacroix, C., & Sodini, I. (1994) · Critical Reviews in Biotechnology · doi:10.3109/07388559409086964 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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Filamentous Fungi: the Indeterminate Lifestyle and Microbial Ecology
Klein, D. A., & Paschke, M. W. (2004) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-003-1037-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“Bacteria, in many cases, attempt to mimic the indeterminate lifestyle of the filamentous fungi, with its many advantages, by creating aggregated multicellular entities [99].”
BackgroundLubricating bacteria model for branching growth of bacterial colonies
Kozlovsky, Y., Cohen, I., Golding, I., & Ben‐Jacob, E. (1999) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.59.7025 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Here we present an additional model which specifically includes an evolution equation for the lubricant excreted by the bacteria.”
BackgroundBoles, B. R., & McCarter, L. L. (2002) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.184.21.5946-5954.2002 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
New aspects of the continuous phase transition in the scalar noise model (SNM) of collective motion
Nagy, M., Daruka, I., & Vicsek, T. (2006) · Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications · doi:10.1016/j.physa.2006.05.035 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“A O ] 1 5 N ov 2 00 6”
From snowflake formation to growth of bacterial colonies
Ben‐Jacob, E. (1993) · Contemporary Physics · doi:10.1080/00107519308222085 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Immobilization of Infant Fecal Microbiota and Utilization in an in vitro Colonic Fermentation Model
Cinquin, C., Blay, G. L., Fliss, I., & Lacroix, C. (2004) · Microbial Ecology · doi:10.1007/s00248-003-2022-7 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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Spatio-temporal assembly of functional mineral scaffolds within microbial biofilms
Oppenheimer-Shaanan, Y., Sibony-Nevo, O., Bloom-Ackermann, Z., Suissa, R., Steinberg, N., Kartvelishvily, E., Brumfeld, V., & Kolodkin-Gal, I. (2016) · npj Biofilms and Microbiomes · doi:10.1038/npjbiofilms.2015.31 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Shapiro's proposal in 1988 was based largely on observing colony morphogenesis.(44) Bacterial morphogenesis is now considered an adaptive strategy for nearly all bacteria, among them Actinobacteria, Myxococcus and Firmicutes.”
BackgroundYang, Z., Ma, X., Tong, L. M., et al. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.20.5793-5798.2000 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Ferrante, E., Turgut, A. E., Dorigo, M., & Huepe, C. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.111.268302 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
On Cellular Automaton Approaches to Modeling Biological Cells
Alber, M., Kiskowski, M. A., Glazier, J. A., & Jiang, Y. (2003) · The IMA volumes in mathematics and its applications · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-21696-6_1 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“Philosophically, CA are attractive because their large-scale behaviors are completely self-organized rather than arising from responses to externally imposed signals [9, 133].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPierson, L. S., & Pierson, E. A. (1996) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08034.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Chen, H., Zhu, Y., & Hu, K. (2009) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2009.08.023 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“In such a perspective, the bacterial colony behaves much like a multi-cellular organism or a social community [23].”
BackgroundPelling, A. E., Li, Y., Shi, W., & Gimzewski, J. K. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0501207102 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“B live mainly as single- or multispecies multicellular communities (1, 2), usually assuming the form of surfaceassociated cell assemblages, or biofilms (3–5).”
BackgroundKim, H., Calcutt, M. J., Schmidt, F. J., et al. (2000) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.182.5.1313-1320.2000 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Evolutionary Cheating in Escherichia coli Stationary Phase Cultures
Vulić, M., & Kolter, R. (2001) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/158.2.519 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Metagenomics and biological ontology
Dupré, J., & O’Malley, M. A. (2007) · Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.09.001 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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McMeekin, T. A., Bowman, J. P., McQuestin, O. J., Mellefont, L., Ross, T., & Tamplin, M. L. (2008) · International Journal of Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.06.026 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
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Learning from Bacteria about Natural Information Processing
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“…their communicational networks (peripheral nervous systems) and central computers (central nervous systems); plants at all levels of evolutionary sophistication (nonvascular and vascular forms); and bacterial colonies (reviewed in Camazine et al., 2001; see also Shapiro and Dworkin, 1998).”
Background
- Authors
- Shapiro, J. A.
- Corresponding author
- Shapiro, James A.
- ORCID
- Shapiro, James A.
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 258
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 82-89
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2037294630
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Keywords
- bacteria, multicellularity, bacterial aggregation, bacterial social behavior, biofilm
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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