The effects of fiber enrichment of pasta and fat content on gastric emptying, GLP-1, glucose, and insulin responses to a meal
Abstract
Objective To assess whether the addition of viscous fiber at an amount recommended by the US FDA to allow a 'low saturated fat, cholesterol, soluble fiber and coronary heart disease', health claim label on a food package (1.7 g psyllium) and/or fat (30 g sunflower oil and 3 g sodium propionate) to a pasta meal would affect gastric emptying, postprandial glucose, insulin and GLP-1 concentrations.Design Ten subjects participated in a two-by-two single blind randomized crossover study. Four meals containing 50 g of available carbohydrate were consumed: pasta with or without psyllium enrichment served with a tomato sauce with (520 kcal per meal) and without (240 kcal per meal) fat. Blood samples were taken for 240 min following the meal and all subjects consumed a buffet meal at the end of the study. Gastric emptying was measured using the paracetamol absorption test. Blood was analysed for glucose, insulin, GLP-1. Visual analog scales were used to record feelings of hunger, pleasantness and nausea.Results The psyllium-enriched pasta had no significant effect on gastric emptying or the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for GLP-1, insulin or glucose compared with the control pasta. The addition of polyunsaturated fat and sodium propionate significantly increased the IAUC for GLP-1 (P<0.001), delaying gastric emptying (P<0.002), and decreasing glucose (P<0.002).Conclusions A dose of 1.7 g psyllium did not evoke measurable effects on gastric emptying, postprandial GLP-1, insulin or glucose metabolism. However the addition of 30 g of oil and 3 g of sodium propionate to the pasta did reduce gastric emptying, increase GLP-1 and reduce glucose and insulin concentrations. While this short-term study may have implications in terms of reducing the risk of diabetes and improving coronary risk factor profiles the long term effects of these nutrients need to be studied.
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Gastric emptying is enhanced with decreased fat, fiber, and increased liquids.
“Other investigations indicate that gastric emptying is enhanced with decreased fat (Frost et al. 2003), fiber (Vincent et al. 1995), and increased liquids (Hellström et al. 2006).”
From Males and females exhibit similar muscle glycogen recovery with varied recovery food sources (2020) · cites this paper as Frost et al. 2003
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- Authors
- Frost, G. S., Brynes, A. E., Dhillo, W. S., Bloom, S. R., & McBurney, M. I.
- Affiliations
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- Kellogg's (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frost, G S
- Venue
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Published
- 2003-02-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 293-298
- ISSN
- 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-5640
- OpenAlex
- W1964292024
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Keywords
- psyllium, dietary fiber, pasta, gastric emptying, glucagon-like peptide-1, postprandial blood glucose, insulin, polyunsaturated fat, sunflower oil, sodium propionate, satiety, diabetes risk, coronary artery disease
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Blood Glucose, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Female, Food, Fortified, Gastric Emptying, Glucagon, Humans, Hunger, Insulin, Male, Peptide Fragments, Protein Precursors, Reference Values, Time Factors, Triticum, Single-Blind Method, Cross-Over Studies, Area Under Curve, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
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