The exclusion of patients with chronic kidney disease from clinical trials in coronary artery disease

Charytan, D.; Kuntz, R.E.

doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5001934

Cited by 271Chronic Kidney Disease and DiabetesStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsEthics in Clinical Research

The exclusion of patients with chronic kidney disease from clinical trials in coronary artery disease

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Charytan, D., Kuntz, R.E.·2006·Kidney International

DOI 10.1038/sj.ki.5001934PMC PMC2950017

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Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high risk of death from coronary artery disease and may modify the response to standard cardiovascular therapies. Treatment of subjects with CKD should ideally be based on evidence from randomized, clinical trials, but how often subjects with CKD have been excluded from these trials is uncertain. We undertook this study in order to quantify how often subjects with moderate to advanced CKD were excluded from large cardiovascular trials. MEDLINE and the reference list of selected articles were searched in order to identify large, randomized, controlled trials of five different coronary artery disease therapies published between 1998 and 2005. Exclusion criteria and reported clinical characteristics of subjects were abstracted. Rates of exclusion and reporting of baseline characteristics of study participants were compared for CKD, diabetes, history of smoking, and hypertension. Eighty-six trials randomizing 411 653 patients were identified. More than 80% of trials excluded subjects with end-stage renal disease and 75.0% excluded patients with CKD. Subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of smoking were excluded less than 4% of the time. Baseline renal function of study participant was reported in only 7% of trials. Patients with CKD are frequently excluded from coronary artery disease trials and renal function of randomized subjects is rarely reported. These findings reinforce the notion that available data on the tre…

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Because of gaps in data and negative study results, uncertainty exists over the benefits of applying proven CVD therapy in the general population to the CKD population, especially in patients with advanced kidney disease.
“However, because of the gaps in data and negative study results, uncertainty exists over the benefits of applying proven CVD therapy in the general population to the CKD population, especially in patients with advanced kidney disease.”
From Benefits of Icosapent Ethyl Across the Range of Kidney Function in Patients With Established Cardiovascular Disease or Diabetes: REDUCE-IT RENAL (2021) · cites this paper as [24]

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Serum Creatinine Concentration and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
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Aspirin, beta-blocker, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with end-stage renal disease and an acute myocardial infarction
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Oral Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition With Orbofiban in Patients With Unstable Coronary Syndromes (OPUS-TIMI 16) Trial
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Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics
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A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluvastatin for prevention of restenosis after successful coronary balloon angioplasty Final results of the fluvastatin angiographic restenosis (FLARE) trial
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Long-term results of RITA-1 trial: clinical and cost comparisons of coronary angioplasty and coronary-artery bypass grafting
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Comparison of sibrafiban with aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes: a randomised trial
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Long-Term Treatment with a Platelet Glycoprotein-Receptor Antagonist after Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization
O’Neill, W. W., Serruys, P. W. J. C., Knudtson, M. L., van Es, G., TIMMIS, G. C., van der Zwaan, C., Kleiman, J. H., Gong, J., Roecker, E. B., Dreiling, R. J., et al. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200005043421803 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Non–Polymer-Based Paclitaxel-Coated Coronary Stents for the Treatment of Patients With De Novo Coronary Lesions
Lansky, A. J., da Costa, R. A., Mintz, G. S., Tsuchiya, Y., Midei, M. G., Cox, D. A., O’Shaughnessy, C. D., Applegate, R. A., Cannon, L., Mooney, M. R., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000127129.94129.6f · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Thrombosis prevention trial: randomised trial of low-intensity oral anticoagulation with warfarin and low-dose aspirin in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease in men at increased risk. The Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework.
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Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, International Trial of the Oral IIb/IIIa Antagonist Lotrafiban in Coronary and Cerebrovascular Disease
Topol, E. J., Easton, D. J., Harrington, R. A., Amarenco, P., Califf, R. M., Graffagnino, C., Davis, S. M., Diener, H. C., Ferguson, J. J., Fitzgerald, D. J., et al. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000084501.48570.f6 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial design study to evaluate the lipid-altering efficacy and safety profile of the ezetimibe/simvastatin tablet compared with ezetimibe and simvastatin monotherapy in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia
Bays, H. E., Ose, L., Fraser, N., Tribble, D. L., Quinto, K., Reyes, R., Johnson‐Levonas, A. O., Sapre, A., & Donahue, S. R. (2004) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2004.11.016 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Achieving and maintaining national cholesterol education program low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals with five statins
Andrews, T. C., Ballantyne, C. M., Hsia, J. A., & Kramer, J. H. (2001) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00799-9 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Randomized Comparison of Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel After Intracoronary Stent Implantation in a Broad Patient Population
Taniuchi, M., Kurz, H. I., & Lasala, J. M. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc3001.093435 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Effects of switching statins on achievement of lipid goals: measuring effective reductions in cholesterol using rosuvastatin therapy (MERCURY I) study
Schuster, H., Barter, P. J., Stender, S., Cheung, R. C., Bonnet, J., Morrell, J. M., Watkins, C. L., Kallend, D. G., & Raza, A. A. (2004) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.10.004 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Cutting balloon angioplasty for the prevention of restenosis: results of the Cutting Balloon Global Randomized Trial
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Differential Symptoms of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Kidney Disease: A Community-Wide Perspective
Sosnov, J. A., Lessard, D., Goldberg, R. J., Yarzebski, J., & Gore, J. M. (2006) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2005.11.017 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Influence of stent design on 1-year outcome after coronary stent placement: A randomized comparison of five stent types in 1,147 unselected patients
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Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: The ALLIANCE study
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The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study
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Final results of a randomized trial comparing the NIR stent to the Palmaz-Schatz stent for narrowings in native coronary arteries
Baim, D. S., Cutlip, D. E., O’Shaughnessy, C. D., Hermiller, J. B., Kereiakes, D. J., Giambartolomei, A., Katz, S., Lansky, A. J., Fitzpatrick, M., Popma, J. J., et al. (2001) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01307-2 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
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Impact of end-stage renal disease on clinical and angiographic outcomes after coronary stenting
Azar, R. R., Prpic, R., Ho, K. K. L., Kiernan, F. J., Shubrooks, S. J., Baim, D. S., Popma, J. J., Kuntz, R. E., & Cohen, D. J. (2000) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00998-x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
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Incident acute coronary syndromes in chronic dialysis patients in the United States11The opinions are solely those of the authors and do not represent an endorsement by the Department of Defense or the National Institutes of Health. This is a U.S. Government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Trespalacios, F. C., Taylor, A. J., Agodoa, L. Y. C., & Abbott, K. C. (2002) · Kidney International · doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00638.x · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Effect of pravastatin compared with placebo initiated within 24 hours of onset of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina: The Pravastatin in Acute Coronary Treatment (PACT) trial
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Randomized Trial of Aspirin, Sibrafiban, or Both for Secondary Prevention After Acute Coronary Syndromes
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Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Titrated Intravenous Lamifiban for Acute Coronary Syndromes
The Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonist for the Reduction of Acute coronary syndrome events in a Global Organization Network (PARAGON)-B Investigators (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc0302.102573 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Randomized comparative trial of triflusal and aspirin following acute myocardial infarction
Cruz-Fernández, J. M. (2000) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1053/euhj.1999.1874 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The safety and efficacy of subcutaneous enoxaparin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin and tirofiban versus placebo in the treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients ineligible for reperfusion (TETAMI)
Cohen, M. C., Gensini, G. F., Maritz, F. J., Gurfinkel, E., Huber, K., Timerman, A., Krzemińska‐Pakuła, M., Danchin, N., White, H. D., Santopinto, J. J., et al. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(03)01040-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Comparison of the effects of beta blockers and calcium antagonists on cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction in Japanese subjects
The Japanese β-blockers and Calcium Antagonists Myocardial Infarction Investigators e (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.01.006 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Final results of a randomized trial comparing the MULTI-LINK stent with the Palmaz-Schatz stent for narrowings in native coronary arteries
Baim, D. S., Cutlip, D. E., Midei, M. G., Linnemeier, T. J., SCHREIBER, T. L., Cox, D. A., Kereiakes, D. J., Popma, J. J., Robertson, L. K., Prince, R., et al. (2001) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01308-4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citation
Comparison of efficacy and safety of atorvastatin and simvastatin in patients with dyslipidemia with and without coronary heart disease
Karalis, D. G., Ross, A. M., Vacari, R. M., Zarren, H. S., & Scott, R. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02337-2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Ticlopidine versus aspirin after myocardial infarction (stami) trial
Scrutinio, D., Cimminiello, C., Marubini, E., Pitzalis, M. V., Biase, M. D., & RIZZON, P. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01164-0 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Pravastatin Use and Risk of Coronary Events and Cerebral Infarction in Japanese Men with Moderate Hypercholesterolemia : The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study
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Pravastatin use and risk of coronary events and cerebral infarction in Japanese men with hypercholesterolemia: The Kyushu Lipid Intervention Study (KLIS)
Sasaki, J., & Arakawa, K. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)80166-5 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Compliance with and efficacy of treatment with pravastatin and cholestyramine: a randomized study on lipid‐lowering in primary care
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Twelve-week, multicenter, randomized, open-label comparisonof the effects of rosuvastatin 10 mg/d and atorvastatin 10 mg/d in high-risk adults: a DISCOVERY study
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Efficacy and Safety of Cerivastatin 0.8 mg in Patients with Hypercholesterolaemia: The Pivotal Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
Insull, W., Isaacsohn, J. L., Kwiterovich, P. O., Ma, P., Brazg, R., Dujovne, C. A., Shan, M., Shugrue-Crowley, E., Ripa, S., Tota, R. R., et al. (2000) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/147323000002800201 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Comparison of self-expanding and balloon-expandable stents for the reduction of restenosis
Han, R. O., Schwartz, R. S., 小林, 芳., Wilson, S. H., Mann, J. T., Sketch, M. H., Safian, R. D., Lansky, A. J., Popma, J. J., Fitzgerald, P. J., et al. (2001) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01636-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Safety of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with atorvastatin versus simvastatin in a coronary heart disease population (the TARGET TANGIBLE Trial)
März, W., Wollschläger, H., Klein, G., Neiß, A., & Wehling, M. (1999) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00183-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Comparison of sibrafiban with aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes: a randomised trial. The SYMPHONY Investigators. Sibrafiban versus Aspirin to Yield Maximum Protection from Ischemic Heart Events Post-acute Coronary Syndromes.
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Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Extended-Release Fluvastatin in a Large Cohort of Elderly Patients
Bruckert, É., Lièvre, M. M., Giral, P., Crepaldi, G., Masana, L., Vrolix, M., Leitersdorf, E., & Dejager, S. (2003) · The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1076-7460.2003.02000.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Randomized Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Cerivastatin and Pravastatin in 1030 Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Dujovne, C. A., Knopp, R. H., Kwiterovich, P. O., Hunninghake, D. B., McBride, T. A., & Poland, M. P. (2000) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/75.11.1124 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Comparison of the Efficacy and Tolerability of fluvastatin extended-release and immediate-release formulations in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized trial
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Use of β-Blockers and Aspirin After Myocardial Infarction by Patient Renal Function in the Department of Defense Health Care System
Abbott, K. C., Bohen, E. M., Yuan, C. M., Yeo, F., Sawyers, E. S., Perkins, R. M., Lentine, K. L., Oliver, D. K., Galey, J., Sebastianelli, M. E., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.01.006 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Effects of Pravastatin on Exercise Electrocardiography Test Performance and Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia
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Anemia and Iron Target Realization in 1998: Clinical Management of Anemia in 1,639 Patients on Hemodialysis
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Chronic kidney disease
Webster, A. C., Nagler, E. V., Morton, R. L., & Masson, P. (2017) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32064-5 · Cited by 3,842 · see citing works
Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. A clinical update from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO)
Herzog, C. A., ASINGER, R. W., Berger, A. K., Charytan, D. M., Dı́ez, J., Hart, R. G., Eckardt, K., Kasiske, B. L., McCullough, P. A., PASSMAN, R. S., et al. (2011) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.2011.223 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Self-citation
Management of coronary disease in patients with advanced kidney disease
Bangalore, S., Maron, D. J., O’Brien, S. M., Fleg, J. L., Kretov, E. I., Briguori, C., Kaul, U., Reynolds, H. R., Mazurek, T., Sidhu, M. S., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1915925 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Cardiorenal Syndrome Revisited
Zannad, F. M., & Rossignol, P. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.028814 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Chronic kidney disease and arrhythmias: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference
Turakhia, M. P., Blankestijn, P. J., Carrero, J. J., Clase, C. M., Deo, R., Herzog, C. A., Kasner, S. E., PASSMAN, R. S., Pecoits‐Filho, R., Reinecke, H., et al. (2018) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy060 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citation
Disorders of Hemostasis Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease
Jalal, D. I., Chonchol, M., & Targher, G. (2010) · Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1248722 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Chronic kidney disease in patients with cardiac rhythm disturbances or implantable electrical devices: clinical significance and implications for decision making-a position paper of the European Heart Rhythm Association endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society
Boriani, G., Savelieva, I., Dan, G., Deharo, J., Ferro, C. J., Israel, C. W., Lane, D. A., Manna, G. L., Morton, J. B., Moya‐Mitjans, À., et al. (2015) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euv202 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Badve, S. V., Roberts, M. A., Hawley, C. M., Cass, A., Garg, A. X., Krum, H., Tonkin, A. M., & Perkovic, V. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.04.041 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Lipid-Lowering Therapy in Persons With Chronic Kidney Disease
Upadhyay, A., Earley, A., Lamont, J. L., Haynes, S. M., Wanner, C., & Balk, E. M. (2012) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-4-201208210-00005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Serum creatinine elevation after renin-angiotensin system blockade and long term cardiorenal risks: cohort study
Schmidt, M., Mansfield, K. E., Bhaskaran, K., Nitsch, D., Sørensen, H. T., Smeeth, L., & Tomlinson, L. A. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j791 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Representation of Patients With Kidney Disease in Trials of Cardiovascular Interventions
Konstantinidis, I., Nadkarni, G. N., Yacoub, R., Saha, A., Simoes, P. K., Parikh, C. R., & Coca, S. G. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.6102 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease
Bangalore, S., Guo, Y., Samadashvili, Z., Blecker, S., Xu, J., & Hannan, E. L. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1334 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Secular Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Rates of Patients Receiving Dialysis Compared With the General Population
Roberts, M. A., Polkinghorne, K. R., McDonald, S. P., & Ierino, F. L. (2011) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2011.01.024 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
CKD and Sudden Cardiac Death
Whitman, I. R., Feldman, H. I., & Deo, R. (2012) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2012010037 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Early Angiography in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Charytan, D. M., Wallentin, L. C., Lagerqvist, B., Spacek, R., de Winter, R. J., Stern, N. M., D, E. B. M., Cannon, C. P., & Choudhry, N. K. (2009) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.05551008 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citation
Focused Atorvastatin Therapy in Managed-Care Patients With Coronary Heart Disease and CKD
Koren, M. J., Davidson, M. H., Wilson, D. J., Fayyad, R. S., Zuckerman, A., & Reed, D. P. (2009) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.025 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Heart Failure
Ahmed, A., & Campbell, R. (2008) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2008.03.008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Optimal Medical Therapy With or Without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease
Sedlis, S. P., Jurkovitz, C. T., Hartigan, P. M., Goldfarb, D. S., Lorin, J. D., Dada, M. R., Maron, D. J., Spertus, J. A., Mancini, G. B. J., Teo, K. K., et al. (2009) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.07.043 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The risk of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease
Olechnowicz-Tietz, S., Gluba, A., Paradowska, A., Banach, M., & Rysz, J. (2013) · International Urology and Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s11255-013-0407-1 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Predictive Value of Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and the Impact of Renal Function on Cardiac Death
Hakeem, A., Bhatti, S., Dillie, K. S., Cook, J. R., Samad, Z. Z., Roth-Cline, M. D., & Chang, S. M. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.788109 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Tissue-engineered kidney disease models
DesRochers, T. M., Palma, E., & Kaplan, D. L. (2013) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.002 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
GRADE equity guidelines 3: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: rating the certainty of synthesized evidence
Welch, V. A., Akl, E. A., Pottie, K., Ansari, M. T., Briel, M., Christensen, R., Dans, A., Dans, L., Eslava-Schmalbach, J., Guyatt, G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.01.015 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The Growing Challenge of Chronic Kidney Disease: An Overview of Current Knowledge
Borg, R., Carlson, N., Søndergaard, J., & Persson, F. (2023) · International Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1155/2023/9609266 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Health status after invasive or conservative care in coronary and advanced kidney disease
Spertus, J. A., Jones, P. G., Maron, D. J., Mark, D. B., O’Brien, S. M., Fleg, J. L., Reynolds, H. R., Stone, G. W., Sidhu, M. S., Chaitman, B. R., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1916374 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Washam, J. B., Herzog, C. A., Beitelshees, A. L., Cohen, M. G., Henry, T. D., Kapur, N. K., Mega, J. L., Menon, V., Page, R. L., II, & Newby, L. K. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000183 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Atrial Fibrillation in CKD: Balancing the Risks and Benefits of Anticoagulation
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The persistent underrepresentation of patients with chronic kidney disease in cardiovascular trials: a systematic review and evidence map of exclusion and outcomesPreprint
Colombijn, J. M. T., Idema, D. L., van Beem, S., Blokland, A. M., van der Braak, K., Handoko, M. L., Veld, L. F. H. I. ’., Kaul, T., Kolagasigil-Akdemir, N., Kusters, M. P. T., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.18.23292848 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Authors: Charytan, D., & Kuntz, R. E.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Medtronic (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Charytan, D.
ORCID: Charytan, D.
Venue: Kidney International
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2006-12
Volume: 70
Issue: 11
Pages: 2021-2030
ISSN: 0085-2538 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001934
PMC: PMC2950017
OpenAlex: W2030060276
Cited by: 271
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 5.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3293 d)
Locations: Kidney International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (T32 DK007527-22)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
Keywords: chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, exclusion criteria, inclusion and exclusion criteria, end-stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking history, cardiovascular disease treatment, generalizability of trial results
MeSH terms: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Clinical Trials as Topic, Coronary Artery Disease, Humans, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Patient Selection, Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

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The exclusion of patients with chronic kidney disease from clinical trials in coronary artery disease

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