Sunscreen use and failures — on site observations on a sun-holiday
Abstract
With this observation study we aimed to determine how and when sunscreen was used. 20 sun seekers were observed during a one-week sun holiday in Hurghada, Egypt. The sunscreen application thickness was related to part of body, time outdoors, exposure to ultraviolet radiation and to sunburning. Skin sites with sunscreen were exposed to UVR significantly longer and received significantly higher UVR doses than skin sites without sunscreen. They received an average of 0.62 SED [0.0-9.3 SED] (13% of their MED) before the first sunscreen application of the day. The average sunscreen used was SPF15 and the sunscreen application thickness was in average 0.79 mg cm(-)2 giving an approximated effect of SPF3. For different body parts either the total UVR exposure dose or the UVR exposure time and UVR exposure dose before the first sunscreen application were higher for sunburned than non-sunburned skin sites. In the final model gender, skin type and UVR to skin (adjusted for SPF and sunscreen application thickness) were significant predictors of sunburning. The sunscreen application thickness of 0.79 mg cm(-)2 was less than the 2 mg cm(-2) used for testing SPF. The late start of sunscreen use and improper application thickness was ineffective in preventing sunburn, and therefore could not compensate for the risk of prolonged UVR exposure and high UVR doses. Our results lead us to suspect that the protective effect of sunscreen use against DNA-damage, and thereby skin cancer, is minimal the way sunscreen is used under real sun holiday conditions.
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The formulation in that study was applied at 4 mg/cm2, double the thickness at which sunscreens are tested, suggesting the real SPF would be at least half of the calculated value and that it was used at a concentration significantly thicker than sunscreens are typically applied in real life.
“One criticism of this study is the formulation was applied at a thickness of 4mg/cm2, double the thickness at which sunscreens are tested suggesting that the real SPF would be at least half of this value, and used at a concentration significantly thicker than sunscreens are typically applied in real life situations [108].”
From Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids for Skin Photoprotection (2019) · cites this paper as [108]
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Okwundu, N., Rahman, H., Liu, T., Florell, S. R., Boucher, K. M., & Grossman, D. (2021) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-21-0399 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Køster, B., Nielsen, M. N., Vester, K. K., & Dalum, P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244597 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Controversy of Sunscreen Product Exposure: Too Little, Too Much, or Just Right
Nash, J. F., & Tanner, P. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29382-0_8
Knowledge of the Markings and Marketing Declarations for Sun Protection Products
Engler-Jastrzębska, M., & Wilczyńska, A. (2021) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Orrin, E., Cassidy, P. B., Kulkarni, R. P., Berry, E., & Leachman, S. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-82639-0_1
Hatanaka, T., Ramphai, K., Takimoto, S., Kanda, H., Motosugi, N., Kimura, M., Mabuchi, T., Oyama, M., Takeuchi, T., & Okamura, Y. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14020431
Facial dysbiosis induced by photoprotectors. Is there evidence for such an assumption?Preprint
Arantes, A. B., Rosa, R. T., de Oliveira, N. S., Bianchini, L. F., Rached, R. N., Johann, A. C. B. R., Wéber, H., Murakami, F. S., Maluf, D. F., & Rosa, E. A. R. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2674898/v1
Okwundu, N., Rahman, H., Liu, T., Florell, S. R., Boucher, K. M., & Grossman, D. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.22533370.v1
Okwundu, N., Rahman, H., Liu, T., Florell, S. R., Boucher, K. M., & Grossman, D. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.c.6547045.v1
Okwundu, N., Rahman, H., Liu, T., Florell, S. R., Boucher, K. M., & Grossman, D. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.c.6547045
Young, A. R. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118441213.rtd0009
Young, A. R. (2024) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119709268.rook010
Facial disbiosis and UV filters
Arantes, A. B., Rosa, R. T., de Oliveira, N. S., Bianchini, L. F., Rached, R., Johann, A., Weber, S. H., Murakami, F. S., Maluf, D., & Rosa, E. A. R. (2024) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-024-03501-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Petersen, B., Datta, P., Philipsen, P. A., & Wulf, H. C.
- Affiliations
- Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Petersen, Bibi
- Venue
- Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 190-196
- ISSN
- 1474-905X (ISSN-L)
- 1474-9092
- OpenAlex
- W2148635562
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 4.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2013-12-01)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- sunscreen use, sunburn, UV exposure, sun protection, skin type, SPF, sun protection behavior, skin cancer prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Holidays, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radiation Dosage, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Skin, Sunburn, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, Logistic Models, Sun Protection Factor
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