Modulation of carbohydrate and fat utilization by diet, exercise and environment
Abstract
At rest and during exercise carbohydrate and fat are the predominant substrates. They are oxidized simultaneously but the relative contribution of these two substrates is dependent on a variety of factors including the exercise intensity and duration, diet, environmental conditions and training status. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism during the transition from rest to exercise and from low- to high-intensity exercise are mainly due to allosteric regulation. The factors that up-regulate fat metabolism in the transition to moderate-intensity exercise and the factors that result in a down-regulation of fat metabolism at higher intensities are incompletely understood. Substrate use is further modulated by the endocrine milieu (e.g. catecholamines, insulin, cortisol) and possibly cytokines (e.g. interleukin-6). With increasing duration of exercise there are marked increases in fat metabolism and decreases in carbohydrate metabolism and this has been ascribed mainly to substrate availability. Both acute food intake and chronic diets also have profound effects on substrate utilization. An increase in carbohydrate intake will rapidly suppress fat metabolism and increase carbohydrate metabolism whereas such an adaptation to a high-fat diet may take several days. The environmental conditions can also alter substrate use; high ambient temperatures can increase glycogen breakdown as a result of increased body core temperature and increased circulation catecholamines. Low temperatures can also increase carbohydrate metabolism, especially when shivering. In addition to these factors adaptation to training, in particular endurance training, will reduce the reliance on carbohydrate metabolism and increase fat oxidation, especially from intramuscular triacylglycerol stores.
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Extremes of both temperature and altitude will increase the absolute rate of carbohydrate oxidation during exercise.
“Worthy of note is that extremes of both temperature and altitude will increase the absolute rate of CHO oxidation during exercise [102]”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [102]
Higher fat oxidation values of 1.0-1.5 g·min−1 have been reported in a single subject after 6 h of running.
“and higher values of 1.0–1.5 g·min− 1 reported in a single subject after 6 h of running [101, 102].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [102]
Low doses of MCT oil may have a negligible influence on fuel utilization and endurance performance.
“A further consideration is that, in order to mitigate the likelihood of GI distress during exercise, MCT oil should only be taken in relatively small amounts (i.e., < 30 g), and such low doses may have a negligible influence on fuel utilization [102] and endurance performance [163].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [102]
Carbohydrate utilisation during prolonged endurance exercise is influenced by numerous factors, including the intensity and duration of the exercise, environmental conditions and the availability of endogenous and exogenous CHO.
“Carbohydrate utilisation during prolonged endurance exercise is influenced by numerous factors, including the intensity and duration of the exercise, environmental conditions and the availability of endogenous and exogenous CHO (for reviews, see [34,35]).”
From Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers (2021) · cites this paper as [34]
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“inhibition of insulin secretion, which is known to play an important role in regulating glucose(13) and fat metabolism.(14,15) Thus, given the chronic inflammatory state of patients with CD,(16) exam-”
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“…411 in the fasted state leads to greater fat oxidation during endurance exercise than the fed state (Coyle 412 et al. 1997; Horowitz et al. 1997; Jeukendrup 2003; Spriet 2014; Vieira et al. 2016), it is not 413 possible to measure fat oxidation during or immediately after SIT with gas exchange…”
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Sports Nutrition and Performance
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Effects of Acute Simulated Altitude on the Maximal Lactate Steady State in Humans
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Nutritional Guidelines for Football Players
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BackgroundMuscle Physiology in Healthy Men and Women and Those with Metabolic Myopathies
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Exploring Strategies to Promote Exercise as a Viable Obesity and Chronic Disease Treatment
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BackgroundLow muscle mass impairs fat utilization during light-intensity exercise in Chinese men
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“Carbohydrate (CHO) and fat provide around 90% of the fuel for skeletal muscle during contraction activity (23).”
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Sex Hormones and Substrate Metabolism During Endurance Exercise
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Fundamentals of Endurance Training
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Muscle Physiology in Healthy Men and Women and Those with Metabolic Myopathies
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- Authors
- Jeukendrup, A. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Jeukendrup, A.E.
- Venue
- Biochemical Society Transactions
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1270-1273
- ISSN
- 0300-5127 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8752
- OpenAlex
- W2005073480
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochemical Society Transactions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Keywords
- substrate utilization, carbohydrate metabolism, fat oxidation, exercise intensity, diet, endurance training, high-fat diet, carbohydrate intake, catecholamines, insulin, cortisol, interleukin-6, ambient temperature, shivering, glycogenolysis, allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation
- MeSH terms
- Cold Temperature, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Fats, Hot Temperature, Humans, Exercise, Carbohydrate Metabolism
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