Predicting language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder
Abstract
Background: To examine longitudinal associations between diagnosis, joint attention, play and imitation abilities and language outcome in infants with autism and pervasive developmental disorder. Methods and Procedures: Experimental measures of joint attention, play and imitation were conducted with a sample of infants with autism spectrum disorder at age 20 months. Language outcome was assessed at age 42 months. A within‐group longitudinal correlational design was adopted. Outcomes and Results: Language at 42 months was higher for children with a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder than for children with a diagnosis of autism. Language at follow‐up was also positively associated with performance on experimental measures of joint attention and imitation, but not with performance on experimental measures of play and ‘goal detection’ at 20 months, nor with a non‐verbal intelligence quotient, although these associations were not examined independent of diagnosis. However, floor effects on the measure of play at 20 months and the small sample size limit the conclusions that can be drawn. Conclusions: Individual differences in infant social‐communication abilities as well as diagnosis may predict language outcome in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders. Attention should be directed at assessing these skills in 2‐ and 3‐year‐old children referred for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Imitation and joint attention abilities may be important targets for early intervention.
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Longitudinal studies document that these early skills are important to later developmental outcomes, particularly spoken language.
“Longitudinal studies document the importance of these early skills to later developmental outcomes and particularly spoken language, a core developmental problem of autism.1,3”
From Longitudinal follow-up of children with autism receiving targeted interventions on joint attention and play (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
Early difficulties in ASD center primarily on social and communication skills such as joint attention, imitation, affective sharing, and object play.
“These early difficulties center primarily on social and communication skills, such as joint attention, imitation, affective sharing, and object play skills.”
From Longitudinal follow-up of children with autism receiving targeted interventions on joint attention and play (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
There is ample evidence that early skills are important to later spoken language outcomes in children with autism and that they should be teaching targets for early intervention programs.
“There is ample evidence that these early skills are important to later spoken language outcomes in children with autism and that they should be teaching targets for early intervention programs.1,15”
From Longitudinal follow-up of children with autism receiving targeted interventions on joint attention and play (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
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Kasari, C., Sturm, A., & Shih, W. (2018) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-rsaut-18-0029 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Behavioral Manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2013) · The Neuroscience of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-391924-3.00002-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Zachor, D. A., & Ben‐Itzchak, E. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2313 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sano, M., Yoshimura, Y., Hirosawa, T., Hasegawa, C., An, K., Tanaka, S., Naitou, N., & Kikuchi, M. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2600 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Charman, T., Baron‐Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Drew, A., & Cox, A.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Guy's Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Charman, Tony
- Venue
- International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-07-09
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 265-285
- ISSN
- 1368-2822 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-6984
- OpenAlex
- W2067833198
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, pervasive developmental disorders, language outcome prediction, joint attention, imitation, play, goal detection, social communication, early intervention, infant development
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Autistic Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Communication, Follow-Up Studies, Forecasting, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Language Development, Play and Playthings, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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