Activity and mechanisms of action of selected biocidal agents on Gram-positive and-negative bacteria
Abstract
AIMS: This study investigates the antimicrobial activity and mode of action of two natural products, eugenol and thymol, a commonly utilized biostatic agent, triclocarban (TCC), and two surfactants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDDMAC) and C10-C16 alkyldimethyl amine N-oxides (ADMAO). METHODS AND RESULTS: Methods used included: determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), lethal effect studies with suspension tests and the investigation of sub-MIC concentrations on growth of E. coli, Staph. aureus and Ps. aeruginosa using a Bioscreen microbiological analyser. Leakage of intracellular constituents and the effects of potentiating agents were also investigated. Only DDDMAC was bactericidal against all of the organisms tested. Eugenol, thymol and ADMAO showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, but not against Ps. aeruginosa. TCC was only bacteristatic against Staph. aureus, but like the other agents, it did affect the growth of the other organisms in the Bioscreen experiments. All of the antimicrobial agents tested were potentiated by the permeabilizers to some extent and leakage of potassium was seen with all of the agents except TCC. CONCLUSIONS: DDDMAC was bactericidal against all organisms tested and all compounds had some bacteriostatic action. Low level static effects on bacterial growth were seen with sub-MIC concentrations. Membrane damage may account for at least part of the mode of action of thymol, eugenol, DDDMAC and ADMAO. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The ingredients evaluated demonstrated a range of bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties against the Gram-negative and -positive organisms evaluated and the membrane (leakage of intracellular components) was implicated in the mode of action for most (except TCC). Sub-MIC levels of all ingredients did induce subtle effects on the organisms which impacted bacterial growth, even for those which had no true inhibitory effects.
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Non-specific inhibition of membrane-bound or -embedded enzymes can be caused by small hydrophobic molecules as a result of changes in protein conformation.
“Non-specific inhibition of membrane-bound or -embedded enzymes can be caused by small hydrophobic molecules as a result of changes in the protein conformation.”
From Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria (2013) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Walsh, S. E., Maillard, J.-Y., Russell, A. D., Catrenich, C. E., Charbonneau, D. L., & Bartolo, R. G.
- Affiliations
- De Montfort University (GB)
- University of Brighton (GB)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Procter & Gamble (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Microbiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 240-247
- ISSN
- 1364-5072 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2672
- OpenAlex
- W1969348764
- Cited by
- 527
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 9.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DMU Open Research Archive (De Montfort University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Antimicrobial agents and applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Keywords
- eugenol, thymol, triclocarban, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, antimicrobial activity, mechanism of action, bactericides, bacteriostatic agents, membrane damage, potassium leakage, sub-MIC effects, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, surfactants, natural products
- MeSH terms
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Carbanilides, Edetic Acid, Escherichia coli, Eugenol, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Potassium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sesquiterpenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Surface-Active Agents, Thymol
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