Understanding and Evaluating Qualitative Research
Abstract
Qualitative research aims to address questions concerned with developing an understanding of the meaning and experience dimensions of humans' lives and social worlds. Central to good qualitative research is whether the research participants' subjective meanings, actions and social contexts, as understood by them, are illuminated. This paper aims to provide beginning researchers, and those unfamiliar with qualitative research, with an orientation to the principles that inform the evaluation of the design, conduct, findings and interpretation of qualitative research. It orients the reader to two philosophical perspectives, the interpretive and critical research paradigms, which underpin both the qualitative research methodologies most often used in mental health research, and how qualitative research is evaluated. Criteria for evaluating quality are interconnected with standards for ethics in qualitative research. They include principles for good practice in the conduct of qualitative research, and for trustworthiness in the interpretation of qualitative data. The paper reviews these criteria, and discusses how they may be used to evaluate qualitative research presented in research reports. These principles also offer some guidance about the conduct of sound qualitative research for the beginner qualitative researcher.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
It is a delicate balancing act to enable participants' accounts to retain a degree of visibility in the text so that the reader can make connections between analytical findings and the data from which they were derived.
“It is a delicate balancing act, enabling participants' accounts to retain a degree of visibility in the text so that the reader can make the connections between analytical findings and the data from which they were derived (Fossey, Harvey, McDermott, & Davidson, 2002; Jones, 2002).”
From The Development of Constructivist Grounded Theory (2006) · cites this paper as Fossey, Harvey, McDermott, & Davidson, 2002
Cites
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,470 · see citing works
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 · Cited by 45,787 · see citing works
The Discovery of Grounded Theory; Strategies for Qualitative Research
Glaser, B. G., Strauss, A. L., & Strutzel, E. (1968) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014 · Cited by 39,449 · see citing works
Handbook of Qualitative Research
Crozier, G., Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (1994) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.2307/3121684 · Cited by 26,636 · see citing works
(1990) · Cited by 24,217 · see citing works
Basics of Qualitative Research
Ozanne, J. L., Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1992) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.2307/3172751 · Cited by 17,852 · see citing works
(1994) · Cited by 13,126 · see citing works
(1990) · Cited by 11,110 · see citing works
Designing qualitative research
Shaliha, F., Mozaffari, M., Ramezani, F., Hajnasiri, H., & Moafi, F. (1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1232 · Cited by 9,914 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 9,332 · see citing works
Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
Djamba, Y. K., & Neuman, W. L. (2002) · Teaching Sociology · doi:10.2307/3211488 · Cited by 8,853 · see citing works
Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research
Billson, J. M. (1989) · Human Biology · Cited by 8,560 · see citing works
Handbook of Qualitative Research.
Fine, G. A., Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076550 · Cited by 7,799 · see citing works
Ethnography: Principles and Practice
Hammersley, M., & Atkinson, P. (1983) · Cited by 7,730 · see citing works
(2014) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446294406.n148 · Cited by 7,272 · see citing works
Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
Neuman, W. L. (1991) · Cited by 7,056 · see citing works
Interpreting Qualitative Data Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Interaction
Kleinsasser, R. C., & Silverman, D. J. (1997) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/329190 · Cited by 6,892 · see citing works
Handbook of Qualitative Research.
DeVault, M. L., Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076551 · Cited by 6,261 · see citing works
Neufeld, A., & Ryan, A. G. (1988) · Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation · doi:10.3138/cjpe.3.006 · Cited by 5,906 · see citing works
Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes.
Joffe, C. E., Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1996) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2077613 · Cited by 5,152 · see citing works
Narrative knowing and the human sciences
Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.26-0378 · Cited by 4,882 · see citing works
Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes
Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226206851.001.0001 · Cited by 4,204 · see citing works
(1993) · Cited by 2,636 · see citing works
(1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,472 · see citing works
Fetterman, D. M. (2020) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781071909874 · Cited by 1,936 · see citing works
Emerging Criteria for Quality in Qualitative and Interpretive Research
Lincoln, Y. S. (1995) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780049500100301 · Cited by 1,568 · see citing works
Brennen, B. S. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315435978-2 · Cited by 1,487 · see citing works
Lorentzon, M. (1993) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.180610057.x · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
Skegg, K., Herbison, P., & Peter, K. S. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/(issn)1440-1614 · Cited by 1,264 · see citing works
Sampling in qualitative inquiry
Kuzel, A. J. (1992) · Cited by 1,172 · see citing works
Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus
Rice, P. L., & Ezzy, D. (1999) · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Qualitative Research in Health Care
Pope, C., & Mays, N. 1. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119410867 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Interpretive Phenomenology: Embodiment, Caring, and Ethics in Health and Illness
Benner, P. (1994) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452204727 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Popay, J., Rogers, A., & Williams, G. (1998) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973239800800305 · Cited by 987 · see citing works
Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus
Newell, C. (2000) · eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions
Higgs, J., & Jones, M. A. (2000) · Cited by 920 · see citing works
In-depth Interviewing: Researching People
Minichiello, V. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Clinical reasoning in the health professions
Oehme, F. W. (1996) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(96)90055-7 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Using Computers in Qualitative Research
(1994) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/089443939401200221 · Cited by 591 · see citing works
Psychology as a Human Science: A Phenomenologically Based Approach
Giorgi, A. (2019) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Primary Care Research: A Multimethod Typology and Qualitative Roadmap
Miller, W. L., & Crabtree, B. F. (1992) · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Enhancing the Rigor of Grounded Theory: Incorporating Reflexivity and Relationality
Hall, W. A., & Callery, P. (2001) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973201129119082 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Psychological Qualitative Research from a Phenomenological Perspective
Karlsson, G. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis
Fielding, N., Weitzman, E. A., & Miles, M. B. (1996) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591109 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Nelson, G. B., Ochocka, J., Griffin, K., & Lord, J. (1998) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022298129812 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Planning and Recruiting the Sample for Focus Groups and In-Depth Interviews
MacDougall, C., & Fudge, E. (2001) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973201129118975 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Evaluating qualitative research
Stiles, W. B. (1999) · Evidence-Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/ebmh.2.4.99 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Handbook of social functioning in schizophrenia
Mueser, K. T., & Tarrier, N. (1998) · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Handbook for research methods in health sciences
Darzins, P. J. (2003) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1630.2003.03562.x · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Everyday Evaluation on the Run
Wadsworth, Y. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003115564 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Davidson, L., Haglund, K. E., Stayner, D. A., Rakfeldt, J., Chinman, M., & Tebes, J. K. (2001) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0095084 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Psychiatric Team and the Social Definition of Schizophrenia
Barrett, R. J. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665691 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Davidson, L., Stayner, D. A., Lambert, S., Smith, P., & Sledge, W. H. (1997) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00048 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationBarrett, R. J. (1996) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Research Strategies for Consumer Empowerment of People with Severe Mental Illness
Rapp, C. A., Shera, W., & Kisthardt, W. (1993) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/38.6.727 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Handbook of Social Functioning in Schizophrenia.
Dickerson, F. (1999) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199903000-00012 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Angles of Vision: Enhancing Perception in Qualitative Research
Peshkin, A. (2001) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/107780040100700206 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Rogers, E. S., & Palmer-Erbs, V. K. (1994) · Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0095520 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Robinson, D. N. (1985) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/robi92304 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hospital or community living? Examining consumer perspectives on deinstitutionalization.
Davidson, L., Hoge, M. A., Godleski, L., Rakfeldt, J., & Griffith, E. E. H. (1996) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0101295 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Experiences of Long-Stay Inpatients Returning to the Community
Davidson, L., Hoge, M. A., Merrill, M.-E., Rakfeldt, J., & Griffith, E. E. H. (1995) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1995.11024719 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationPhilosophy of psychology at the turn of the century.
Robinson, D. N. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Reenactment Interviewing: A Methodology for Phenomenological Research
Drew, N. (1993) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.1993.tb00270.x · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Buston, K., Parry-Jones, W. L., Livingston, M., WOOD, S. F., & Bogan, A. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.3.197 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
A Conceptual Review of Functioning: Implications for the Development of Consumer Outcome Measures
Fossey, E. M., & Harvey, C. A. (2001) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00846.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBuilding in Dialogue Between Consumers and Staff in Acute Mental Health Services
Wadsworth, Y., & Epstein, M. (1998) · Systemic Practice and Action Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022989723259 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Deinstitutionalisation for Long-Term Mental Illness: An Ethnographic Study
Newton, L., Rosen, A., Tennant, C. C., Hobbs, C., Lapsley, H., & Tribe, K. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00733.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fossey, E. M., Epstein, M., Findlay, R., Plant, G., & Harvey, C. A. (2002) · Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.1037/h0095000 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationCare and Concern: An Ethical Journey in Participatory Action Research
Stuart, C. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The flight of the wild goose: the psychiatrist as a leader.
Wilson, J. (2000) · PubMed · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.0340010 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fossey, E. M., & Gray, J. M. (2003) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1630.2003.03495.x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation(1994)
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 73 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tong, A., Sainsbury, P., & Craig, J. (2007) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzm042 · Cited by 42,509 · see citing works
How Many Interviews Are Enough?: An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x05279903 · Cited by 20,808 · see citing works
Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research: A Synthesis of Recommendations
O’Brien, B. C., Harris, I. B., Beckman, T. J., Reed, D. A., & Cook, D. A. (2014) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000388 · Cited by 12,211 · see citing works
Member Checking: A Tool to Enhance Trustworthiness or Merely a Nod to Validation?
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732316654870 · Cited by 3,970 · see citing works
A simple method to assess and report thematic saturation in qualitative research
Guest, G., Namey, E., & Chen, M. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232076 · Cited by 2,929 · see citing works
O’Reilly, M., & Parker, N. (2013) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/1468794112446106 · Cited by 1,943 · see citing works
How many focus groups are enough? Building an evidence base for nonprobability sample sizes
Guest, G., Namey, E., & McKenna, K. (2017) · Field Methods · doi:10.1177/1525822x16639015 · Cited by 1,752 · see citing works
The Development of Constructivist Grounded Theory
Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2006) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/160940690600500103 · Cited by 1,678 · see citing works
“It is a delicate balancing act, enabling participants‟ accounts to retain a degree of visibility in the text so that the reader can make the connections between analytical findings and the data from which they were derived (Fossey, Harvey, McDermott, & Davidson, 2002; Jones, 2002).”
BackgroundHow to use and assess qualitative research methods
Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020) · Neurological Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
The pillars of trustworthiness in qualitative research
Ahmed, S. K. (2024) · Journal of Medicine Surgery and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.glmedi.2024.100051 · Cited by 1,283 · see citing works
Amostragem por saturação em pesquisas qualitativas em saúde: contribuições teóricas
Fontanella, B. J. B., Ricas, J., & Turato, E. R. (2008) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2008000100003 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
Nitel Araştırma Süreci: Nitel Bir Araştırma Nasıl Yapılır?
BALTACI, A. (2019) · Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.31592/aeusbed.598299 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Adopting a constructivist approach to grounded theory: Implications for research design
Mills, J. E., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. L. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2006.00543.x · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Appraising the trustworthiness of qualitative studies: Guidelines for occupational therapists
Curtin, M., & Fossey, E. M. (2007) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1630.2007.00661.x · Cited by 513 · see citing works
Self-citationConducting qualitative research in mental health: Thematic and content analyses
Crowe, M., Inder, M., & Porter, R. (2015) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867415582053 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Feedback from research participants: are member checks useful in qualitative research?
Thomas, D. R. (2017) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2016.1219435 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Philosophical Paradigms, Grounded Theory, and Perspectives on Emergence
Levers, M. J. (2013) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013517243 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Ethical Components of Researcher—Researched Relationships in Qualitative Interviewing
Hewitt, J. (2007) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732307308305 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 1: quantitative research
Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., & Ryan, F. (2007) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2007.16.11.23681 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Tamasese, K., Peteru, C., Waldegrave, C., & Bush, A. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01572.x · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Qualitative generalising in accounting research: concepts and strategies
Parker, L. D., & Northcott, D. (2016) · Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal · doi:10.1108/aaaj-04-2015-2026 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Part II. Rigour in qualitative research: complexities and solutions
Tuckett, A. G. (2005) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr2005.07.13.1.29.c5998 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Hentzen, J. K., Hoffmann, A. O. I., Dolan, R. M., & Pala, E. (2021) · International Journal of Bank Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijbm-09-2021-0417 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Women's experiences of endometriosis: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research
Young, K., Fisher, J., & Kirkman, M. (2014) · Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100853 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Suriyankietkaew, S., Krittayaruangroj, K., & Iamsawan, N. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14105762 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
A guideline to improve qualitative social science publishing in ecology and conservation journals
Moon, K., Brewer, T., Januchowski-Hartley, S. R., Adams, V. M., & Blackman, D. A. (2016) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-08663-210317 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Combatting Challenges to Establishing Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research
Kornbluh, M. (2015) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1080/14780887.2015.1021941 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Step-by-step guide to critiquing research. Part 2: qualitative research
Ryan, F., Coughlan, M., & Cronin, P. (2007) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2007.16.12.23726 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Bakitas, M. A. (2007) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/01.nnr.0000289503.22414.79 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Evaluation of a School-Based Intervention for Adolescent Sleep Problems
Moseley, L., & Gradisar, M. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.3.334 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The challenge of cultural competence in the workplace: perspectives of healthcare providers
Shepherd, S. M., Esqueda, C. W., Newton, D. C., Sivasubramaniam, D., & Paradies, Y. (2019) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-019-3959-7 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Buus, N., & Perron, A. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103452 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Chakona, G., & Shackleton, C. M. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112668 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Navaratnam, S., Satheeskumar, A., Zhang, G., Nguyen, K. T. Q., Venkatesan, S., & Poologanathan, K. (2022) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103935 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Discourse analysis: towards an understanding of its place in nursing
Crowe, M. (2005) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03461.x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Interview-based research in accounting 2000–2014: Informal norms, translation and vibrancy
Dai, N. T., Free, C. W., & Gendron, Y. (2018) · Management Accounting Research · doi:10.1016/j.mar.2018.06.002 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Emotional labor in the hospitality industry: the influence of contextual factors.
Shani, A., Uriely, N., Reichel, A., & Ginsburg, L. (2014) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.11.009 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Marchant, E., Todd, C., Cooksey, R., Dredge, S., Jones, H. E., Reynolds, D., Stratton, G., Dwyer, R., Lyons, R. A., & Brophy, S. T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212242 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Shani, A., & Uriely, N. (2011) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.003 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Öhman, S. G., Saltvedt, S., Waldenström, U., Grünewald, C., & Lauritzen, S. O. (2006) · Birth · doi:10.1111/j.0730-7659.2006.00075.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Husband, G. (2020) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci10080206 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Harnessing ChatGPT for Thematic Analysis: Are We Ready?
Lee, V. V., van der Lubbe, S. C. C., Goh, L. H., & Valderas, J. M. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/54974 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Systematic review of respite care in the frail elderly
Shaw, C., McNamara, R. L., Abrams, K. R., Cannings-John, R. L., Hood, K., Longo, M., Myles, S., O'Mahony, S., Roe, B. H., & Williams, K. (2009) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta13200 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Doroud, N., Fossey, E., & Fortune, T. (2015) · Australian Occupational Therapy Journal · doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12238 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationDoran, F. M., & Nancarrow, S. (2015) · Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100862 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Hand hygiene practices: nursing students’ perceptions
Barrett, R., & Randle, J. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02215.x · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Influence of popular culture on special interest tourists' destination image
Lee, S., & Bai, B. (2015) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.06.019 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Blignault, I., Ponzio, V., Rong, Y., & Eisenbruch, M. (2008) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764007085872 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Lauckner, H. M., Paterson, M., & Krupa, T. M. (2015) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2012.1790 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Influence of celebrity involvement on place attachment: role of destination image in film tourism
Chen, C.-Y. (2017) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2017.1394888 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
"Hospital was the only option": Experiences of frequent emergency department users in mental health.
Wise-Harris, D., Pauly, D., Kahan, D., Tan de Bibiana, J., Hwang, S. W., & Stergiopoulos, V. (2017) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0728-3 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Matheson, L., Asherson, P., Wong, I. C. K., Hodgkins, P., Setyawan, J., Sasane, R., & Clifford, S. (2013) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-184 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of E-Waste Generation and Environmental Management of Asia Pacific Countries
Andeobu, L., Wibowo, S., & Grandhi, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179051 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Chong, W. W., Aslani, P., & Chen, T. F. (2013) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.3109/13561820.2013.785503 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Learning about case study methodology to research higher education
Harland, T. (2014) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2014.911253 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Ramadan, O. M. E., Alruwaili, M. M., Alruwaili, A. N., Elsehrawy, M. G., & Alanazi, S. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02571-y · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Pasquini, L., van Aardenne, L., Godsmark, C. N., Lee, J., & Jack, C. D. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141355 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
The Nature of the Hospitality Industry: Present and Future Managers' Perspectives
Pizam, A., & Shani, A. (2009) · Anatolia · doi:10.1080/13032917.2009.10518900 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Developing and Submitting Credible Qualitative Manuscripts
Kline, W. B. (2008) · Counselor Education and Supervision · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2008.tb00052.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Osborne, N., & Grant‐Smith, D. (2021) · Cities research series · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1677-8_7 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Finding and sustaining employment: A qualitative meta-synthesis of mental health consumer views
Fossey, E. M., & Harvey, C. A. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.2182/cjot.2010.77.5.6 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationBranch, S., Ramsay, S. G., & Barker, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/s1833367200003734 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Windapo, A. (2014) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su6096088 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Enhancing celebrity fan-destination relationship in film-induced tourism: The effect of authenticity
Teng, H.-Y., & Chen, C.-Y. (2019) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100605 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Chakona, G. (2020) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-020-00566-4 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Mallan, K. M., Liu, W., Jani, R., Daniels, L., Magarey, A., & Battistutta, D. (2013) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.01.003 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Bush, S. H., Grassau, P. A., Yarmo, M. N., Zhang, T., Zinkie, S. J., & Pereira, J. L. (2014) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/1472-684x-13-17 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Zembe, Y., Townsend, L., Thorson, A. E., & Ekström, A. M. (2013) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/1744-8603-9-28 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pursuing excellence in qualitative inquiry.
Gergen, K. J. (2014) · Qualitative Psychology · doi:10.1037/qup0000002 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A Qualitative Description of Receiving a Diagnosis of Clefting in the Prenatal or Postnatal Period
Nusbaum, R. H., Grubs, R. E., Losee, J. E., Weidman, C., Ford, M. D., & Marazita, M. L. (2008) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1007/s10897-008-9152-5 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Minding the Gap Between Positivism and Hermeneutics in Psychoanalytic Research
Blatt, S. J., Corveleyn, J. M. T., & Luyten, P. (2006) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/00030651060540021301 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Doctoral students’ access to non-academic support for mental health
Waight, E., & Giordano, A. (2018) · Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management · doi:10.1080/1360080x.2018.1478613 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Male nurses’ experiences of providing intimate care for women clients
Inoue, M., Chapman, R., & Wynaden, D. (2006) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03948.x · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Macdonald, E., Sauer, K., Howie, L., & Albiston, D. (2005) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638230500060052 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Flipped Learning As A New Educational Paradigm: An Analytical Critical Study
Ahmed, H. O. K. (2016) · European Scientific Journal ESJ · doi:10.19044/esj.2016.v12n10p417 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Gauging the Quality of Qualitative Research in Adapted Physical Activity
Zitomer, M. R., & Goodwin, D. L. (2014) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.2013-0084 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Kisely, S. R., & Kendall, E. (2011) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10398562.2011.562508 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Recognizing and Responding to Early Psychosis: A Qualitative Analysis of Individual Narratives
Judge, A. M., Estroff, S. E., Perkins, D. O., & Penn, D. L. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2008.59.1.96 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Rich, S., Taket, A. R., Graham, M., & SHELLEY, J. M. (2011) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-011-9108-1 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Johnston‐Goodstar, K., & Roholt, R. V. (2017) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2016.1263818 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Class Differences in Cohabitation Processes
Sassler, S. L., & Miller, A. (2011) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00640.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Parents' Experience of Seeking Help for Children with Mental Health Problems
Boulter, E., & Rickwood, D. (2012) · Advances in Mental Health · doi:10.5172/jamh.2013.11.2.131 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Shavers, M. C., & Moore, J. L. (2014) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0040 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Doroud, N., Fossey, E. M., & Fortune, T. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.05.008 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationPraiseworthy pragmatism? Validity and action research
Hope, K. W., & Waterman, H. A. (2003) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02777.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Engström, Å. H., & Söderberg, S. (2007) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04336.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Tamasese, K., Peteru, C., Waldegrave, C., & Bush, A. (2005) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01572.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hassanli, N., Walters, T., & Williamson, J. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1797756 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The Psychosocial Impact of Epidermolysis Bullosa
Dures, E. K., Morris, M., Gleeson, K., & Rumsey, N. (2011) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732311400431 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Using Qualitative Research to Inform Mental Health Policy
Davidson, L., Ridgway, P., Kidd, S. A., Topor, A., & Borg, M. (2008) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370805300303 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationEley, D. S., Leung, J., Hong, B. A., Cloninger, K. M., & Cloninger, C. R. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160028 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Treating first episode psychosis – the service users’ perspective: a focus group evaluation
O’Toole, M., Ohlsen, R. I., Taylor, T., Purvis, R. G., Walters, J., & Pilowsky, L. S. (2004) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00730.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Understanding parental physical activity: Meanings, habits, and social role influence
Hamilton, K., & White, K. M. (2010) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.02.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Chapman, R., Wardrop, J., Freeman, P., Zappia, T., Watkins, R. E., & Shields, L. E. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03939.x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Salifu, Y., Almack, K., & Caswell, G. (2020) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216320951107 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
An Australian perspective of a forest school: shaping a sense of place to support learning
CUMMING, F. J., & Nash, M. (2015) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2015.1010071 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hood, L., Fenwick, J., & Butt, J. (2008) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.07.008 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Nurses' perceptions of risk from emerging respiratory infectious diseases: A Singapore study
Koh, Y., Hegney, D. G., & Drury, V. (2012) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2012.02018.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Gerlitz, L. (2016) · Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues · doi:10.9770/jesi.2016.3.3(3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Women’s experiences of disrespect and abuse in maternity care facilities in Benue State, Nigeria
Orpin, J., Puthussery, S., Davidson, R., & Burden, B. (2018) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1847-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
- Authors
- Fossey, E., Harvey, C., Mcdermott, F., & Davidson, L.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fossey, Ellie
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 717-732
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2092473556
- Cited by
- 2,311
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 105 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 186 · 2023: 199 · 2022: 113 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 116 · 2019: 122 · 2018: 102 · 2017: 107 · 2016: 121 · 2015: 150 · 2014: 144 · 2013: 125 · 2012: 111
- FWCI
- 84.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Focus Groups and Qualitative Methods
- Keywords
- qualitative research evaluation, research quality criteria, interpretivism, critical paradigm, research ethics, trustworthiness, qualitative data interpretation, mental health research
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Psychiatry, Research, Comprehension, Qualitative Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
