Cited by 180Bone health and osteoporosis researchMenopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsNutrition and Health in Aging

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The Association of Bone Mineral Density and Depression in an Older Population

Robbins, John, Hirsch, Calvin, Whitmer, Rachel, Cauley, Jane, Harris, Tamara, For The Cardiovascular Health Study·2001·Journal of the American Geriatrics Society

DOI 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49149.x

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and measurements of depression in an older population. DESIGN: Population‐based, cross‐sectional study. SETTING: Study subjects were participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal, long‐term, follow‐up study, at the University of California Davis (Sacramento, California) and the University of Pittsburgh (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 1,566 Medicare enrollees age 65 and older enrolled in the CHS. MEASUREMENTS: Total hip BMD, measured using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), after adjustment for multiple covariates, was compared with depression evaluated with the Center for Epidemiological Studies 10‐item Depression Scale (CES‐Dm). Risk factors for osteoporosis were compared in depressed and nondepressed participants. Potential correlates were entered into a regression model. Depression scores were compared in normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic individuals. RESULTS: Sixteen percent of participants were clinically depressed; 9% had BMDs in the osteoporotic range. Mean BMD was 40 mg/cm 2 lower in those with clinical depression. High CES‐Dm scores were associated with lower BMD ( P < .001) when adjusted for body mass index (BMI), age, kilocalories of activity, estrogen use, gender, race, smoking and drinking. When stratified by race, this remained true for all Caucasians ( P < .01), all African Americans ( P < .05), and when stratified by race and gender the association remained only for all Caucasian women ( P < .001). In women and Caucasian men there was an increase in depression scores among individuals with osteoporotic‐range BMDs. CONCLUSIONS: A significant association was found between BMD and depressive symptoms after adjustment for osteoporosis risk factors. In Caucasians, depressive symptoms were associated with both osteoporotic and osteopenic levels of BMD. Causality cannot be ascribed, with only one measurement of BMD. We postulate that there may be an unmeasured third factor, such as an endogenous steroid, that is responsible for both low BMD and depression. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:732–736, 2001.

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Authors: Robbins, J., Hirsch, C., Whitmer, R., Cauley, J., Harris, T., & Study, F. T. C. H.
Affiliations: University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
University of Pittsburgh (US)
National Institutes of Health (US)
ORCID: Hirsch, Calvin
Whitmer, Rachel
Cauley, Jane
Harris, Tamara
Venue: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2001-06
Volume: 49
Issue: 6
Pages: 732-736
ISSN: 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
1532-5415
DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49149.x
OpenAlex: W2029660235
Cited by: 180
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 7.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 203 d)
Locations: Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01hc085079-024, n01hc085086-022, 5p60hl015103-15)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-35129, N01 HC85086, HL-15103, N01-HC85079)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Keywords: bone mineral density, depression, osteoporosis, older adults, hip bone density, osteopenia, osteoporosis risk factors, racial differences, sex differences, depressive symptoms, endogenous steroids, Cardiovascular Health Study
MeSH terms: Aged, Analysis of Variance, Black or African American, Bone Diseases, Metabolic, California, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Energy Metabolism, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Osteoporosis, Pennsylvania, Population Surveillance, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Radionuclide Imaging, Risk Factors, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Single-Blind Method, Sex Distribution, Black People, White People, Fractures, Bone

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The Association of Bone Mineral Density and Depression in an Older Population

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