Cited by 60Bone health and osteoporosis researchBone Metabolism and DiseasesTreatment of Major Depression

Bone density and depressive disorder: a meta‐analysis

Open access
Schweiger, Julietta Ursula, Schweiger, Ulrich, Hüppe, Michael, Kahl, Kai G., Greggersen, Wiebke, Fassbinder, Eva·2016·Brain and Behavior

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the evidence of low bone mineral density (BMD) in depression. Low BMD is a major risk factor for osteoporotic fractures and frailty. Methods: The searched database was Pubmed, Meta‐analysis included human studies in men and women fulfilling the following criteria: (1) assessment of BMD in the lumbar spine, the femur or the total hip; (2) comparison of BMD between depressed individuals and the healthy control group; (3) measurement of BMD using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA); and (4) data on the mean, standard deviation, or standard error of BMD. Results: Twenty‐one studies were identified, encompassing 1842 depressed and 17,401 nondepressed individuals. Significant negative composite weighted mean effect sizes were identified for the lumbar spine (d = −0.15, 95%CL −0.22 to −0.08), femur (d = −0.34, 95%CL −0.64 to −0.05), and total hip (d = −0.14, 95%CL −0.23 to −0.05) indicating low BMD in depression. Examining men and women shows low bone density in the lumbar spine and femur in women and low bone density in the hip in men. The differences between men and women with MDD and the comparison group tended to be higher when examined by expert interviewers. Low bone density was found in all age groups. Conclusions: Bone mineral density is reduced in patients with depressive disorders. The studies provide little evidence for potential relevant mediating factors.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/brb3.489

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 57 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Schweiger, J. U., Schweiger, U., Hüppe, M., Kahl, K. G., Greggersen, W., & Fassbinder, E.
Affiliations
  • University of Lübeck (DE)
  • Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
Corresponding author
Schweiger, Ulrich
Venue
Brain and Behavior
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016-05-18
Volume
6
Issue
8
Pages
e00489-e00489
ISSN
  • 2157-9032 (ISSN-L)
  • 2162-3279
OpenAlex
W2396108650
Cited by
60
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4
FWCI
1.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Brain and Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Keywords
bone mineral density, depressive disorders, major depressive disorder, osteoporosis, bone loss, lumbar spine, femur, total hip, sex differences, osteoporotic fractures, frailty
MeSH terms
Depressive Disorder, Humans, Absorptiometry, Photon, Bone Density

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review