A CO funnel in the Galactic centre: Molecular counterpart of the northern Galactic chimney
Open accessAbstract
We report the discovery of a velocity coherent, funnel-shaped 13 CO emission feature in the Galactic centre (GC) using data from the SEDIGISM survey. The molecular cloud appears as a low-velocity structure (VLSR = [ − 3.5, + 3.5] km s−1) with an angular extent of 0.95° ×1°, extending towards positive Galactic latitudes. The structure is offset from Sgr A* towards negative Galactic longitudes; it spatially and morphologically correlates well with the northern lobe of the 430 pc radio bubble, believed to be the radio counterpart of the multiwavelength GC chimney. Spectral line observations in the frequency range of 85–116 GHz have been carried out using the IRAM 30-m telescope towards 12 positions along the funnel-shaped emission. We examine the 12 C/13 C isotopic ratios using various molecules and their isotopologues. The mean 12 C/13 C isotope ratio (30.6 ± 2.9) is consistent with the structure located within inner 3 kpc of the Galaxy and possibly in the GC. The velocity of the molecular funnel is consistent with previous radio recombination line measurements of the northern lobe of radio bubble. Our multiwavelength analysis suggests that the funnel-shaped structure extending over 100 pc above the Galactic plane is the molecular counterpart of the northern GC chimney.
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The shell expansion velocity lies within -3.5 < vlos < 3.5 km/s.
“The shell expansion velocity lies within -3 . 5 < v los < 3 . 5 km s -1 , significantly slower than the H i / molecular outflows velocities ( -180 ≲ v los < 280 km s -1 ) observed at higher latitudes (2 . 5 ◦ ≲ b ≲ 10 ◦ ; Dickinson 2018; Di Teodoro et al. 2020).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Veena et al. 2023
The Discussion (p. 4) gives −3.5 < VLSR < 3.5 km/s for the observed ¹³CO structure. It identifies this as a line-of-sight velocity range, not a measured shell expansion velocity; the Discussion (p. 5) also leaves open whether the material is outflowing or falling back. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIt is possible that the cold outflows at different scales originate from different sources.
“It is, therefore, possible that the cold outflows at different scales originate from different sources (Veena et al. 2023).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Veena et al. 2023
The Discussion (pp. 4–5) distinguishes the low-latitude molecular funnel from higher-latitude, higher-velocity outflows and suggests they may have been launched at different epochs. It also names more than one possible driver of Galactic-centre outflow activity, but does not say that outflows at different scales originate from different sources. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA molecular bubble was observed within the central degrees, coinciding with the shape of the radio bubbles and with the Polar Arc.
“Recently a molecular bubble was also observed within the central degrees, coinciding with the shape of the radio bubbles (panel d in figure 7; Veena et al. 2023) and with the Polar Arc (Bally et al. 1988).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Veena et al. 2023
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Cites
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BackgroundThe EMIR multi-band mm-wave receiver for the IRAM 30-m telescope
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MethodDetection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R. A., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A., Cherepashchuk, A., Chugai, N., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2979-0 · Cited by 234 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundGiant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way
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BackgroundDetection of large-scale X-ray bubbles in the Milky Way halo
Predehl, P., Sunyaev, R., Becker, W., Brunner, H., Burenin, R., Bykov, A. M., Cherepashchuk, A. M., Чугай, Н. Н., Churazov, E., Doroshenko, V., et al. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 188 · see citing works
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BackgroundInflation of 430-parsec bipolar radio bubbles in the Galactic Centre by an energetic event
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BackgroundThe 1.28 GHz MeerKAT Galactic Center Mosaic
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BackgroundSEDIGISM: Structure, excitation, and dynamics of the inner Galactic interstellar medium
Schüller, F., Csengeri, T., Urquhart, J. S., Duarte-Cabral, A., Barnes, P. J., Giannetti, A., Hernández, A. K., Leurini, S., Mattern, M., Medina, S.-N. X., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628933 · Cited by 126 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundSelf-citationATLASGAL-selected massive clumps in the inner Galaxy
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“High-resolution observations of external galaxies reveal outflows from galactic nuclei that are driven either by a nuclear starburst or an active galactic nucleus (Cicone et al. 2014, 2016).”
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The Fermi bubbles as starburst wind termination shocks
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BackgroundBlowing in the Milky Way Wind: Neutral Hydrogen Clouds Tracing the Galactic Nuclear Outflow
Di Teodoro, E. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Lockman, F. J., Denbo, S. R., Endsley, R., Ford, H. A., & Harrington, K. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaad6a · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Di Teodoro et al. (2018) discovered a population of anomalous high-velocity HI clouds (VLSR ≤ 360 km s−1) extending to heights of 1.5 kpc (2.5◦ < | b | < 10◦) from the Galactic plane, whose velocities deviate from purely circular Galactic rotation.”
BackgroundInfluentialDirect measurements of carbon and sulfur isotope ratios in the Milky Way
Yan, Y. T., Henkel, C., Kobayashi, C., Menten, K. M., Gong, Y., Zhang, J. S., Yu, H., Yang, K., Xie, J., & Wang, Y. X. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244584 · Cited by 71 · cited 2× · see citing works
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McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Green, J. A., Hill, A. S., Lockman, F. J., Dickey, J. M., Gaensler, B. M., & Green, A. J. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/1/l4 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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BackgroundInfluentialCold gas in the Milky Way’s nuclear wind
Di Teodoro, E. M., McClure-Griffiths, N. M., Lockman, F. J., & Armillotta, L. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2595-z · Cited by 61 · cited 1× · see citing works
“CO emission (+160 < VLSR < 280 km s−1) associated with these high-velocity HI outflows has also been detected (Di Teodoro et al. 2020).”
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Carbon isotopic fractionation in molecular clouds
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“Another effect is chemical fractionation in which one isotope could be preferentially enriched compared to the other under certain conditions (Langer et al. 1984; Colzi et al. 2020; Jacob et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMultiwavelength features of Fermi bubbles as signatures of a Galactic wind
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“According to Sarkar et al. (2015), a star formation rate of ∼0.5 M yr−1 over a timescale of ∼30 Myr could produce Fermi-like bubbles.”
BackgroundInfluential270 pc Expanding Ring at the Galactic Centre
Kaifu, N., Kato, T., & Iguchi, T. (1972) · Nature Physical Science · doi:10.1038/physci238105a0 · Cited by 54 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…centre (GC) region in the 1980s revealed evidence of a large-scale outflow from the GC. Emission extending several hundreds of parsec was identified (e.g., Scoville 1972; Kaifu et al. 1972; Sofue et al. 1989) that was believed to originate from the high-energy activity in the core of the Milky Way.”
BackgroundThe Galactic center chimneys: the base of the multiphase outflow of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M. R., Churazov, E., Heywood, I., & Fender, R. P. (2021) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039636 · Cited by 50 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Based on this, Ponti et al. (2021) suggested that the chimney is rooted at the GC, but is significantly tilted towards us, which is in agreement with scenario (a).”
BackgroundResultTracing gas accretion in the Galactic center using isotopic ratios
Riquelme, D., Amo-Baladrón, M. A., Martín-Pintado, J., Mauersberger, R., Martín, S., & Bronfman, L. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015008 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The HN12C/HN13C and H12CO+/H13CO+ ratios are systematically lower than the 12C18O/13C18O and 12CS/13CS ratios derived at the same positions, and are less than half the standard value at the GC (∼25; Riquelme et al. 2010, and references therein).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarbon isotopic fractionation in molecular clouds
Colzi, L., Sipilä, O., Roueff, E., Caselli, P., & Fontani, F. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038251/pdf · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Galactic center chimneys: the base of the multiphase outflow of the Milky Way
Ponti, G., Morris, M., Churazov, E., Heywood, I., & Fender, R. P. (2021) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039636/pdf · Cited by 40 · see citing works
First detection of 13CH in the interstellar medium
Jacob, A. M., Menten, K. M., Wiesemeyer, H., Güsten, R., Wyrowski, F., & Klein, B. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937385 · Cited by 38 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Various studies have investigated variations in 12C/13C across the Galactic disc (Langer & Penzias 1990; Milam et al. 2005; Jacob et al. 2020; Yan et al. 2023).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe 12C/13C Ratio in Sgr B2(N): Constraints for Galactic Chemical Evolution and Isotopic Chemistry
Halfen, D. T., WOOLF, N. J., & Ziurys, L. M. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa816b · Cited by 36 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Using five complex molecules, Halfen et al. (2017) estimated the 12C/13C ratio towards the GC source SgrB2(N), which was found to range between 15 ± 5 and 33 ± 13, with an average value of 24 ± 7.”
BackgroundDawson, J. R., Ntormousi, E., Fukui, Y., Hayakawa, T., & Fierlinger, K. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/799/1/64 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
RADIO RECOMBINATION LINES TOWARD THE GALACTIC CENTER LOBE
Law, C. J., Backer, D., Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Maddalena, R. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/695/2/1070 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Simulating the Fermi Bubbles as Forward Shocks Driven by AGN Jets
Zhang, R.-Y., & Guo, F.-L. (2020) · Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8bd0 · Cited by 33 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such events could be powered by past activity from the SgrA* (Zubovas et al. 2011; Zhang & Guo 2020) and/or supernova driven winds (Lacki 2014; Crocker et al. 2015).”
BackgroundWilson, R. W., Langer, W. D., & Goldsmith, P. F. (1981) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/183440 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…between the two isotopes leading to a difference in proportionality constant between column density and antenna temperature (Linke et al. 1977), which can be corrected by a multiplicative factor of 0.95 (Wilson et al. 1981); 2) opacity corrections for possible optical depth effects for 12C18O.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Galactic center spur - A jet from the nucleus
Sofue, Y., Reich, W., & Reich, P. (1989) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/185454 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…centre (GC) region in the 1980s revealed evidence of a large-scale outflow from the GC. Emission extending several hundreds of parsec was identified (e.g., Scoville 1972; Kaifu et al. 1972; Sofue et al. 1989) that was believed to originate from the high-energy activity in the core of the Milky Way.”
BackgroundBanda-Barragán, W., Brüggen, M., Heesen, V., Scannapieco, E., Cottle, J., Federrath, C., & Wagner, A. (2020) · Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1884 · Cited by 25 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, the bubble could be (i) advected molecular gas outlining the base of the outflow (e.g. Walch et al. 2015), (ii) gas formed via shock compression, and/or (iii) material that has cooled down and is either outflowing or falling back onto the Galactic plane (Banda-Barragán et al. 2021).”
MethodSelf-citationDawson, J. R. (2013) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia · doi:10.1017/pas.2013.002 · Cited by 24 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These fingers are observed in starforming regions and Galactic supershells (e.g., Dawson 2013).”
BackgroundZhang, M., Li, Z., & Morris, M. R. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abf927 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Using 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulations, Zhang et al. (2021) investigated the origin of the 430 pc bipolar radio bubble.”
BackgroundYusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., & Heywood, I. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd54b · Cited by 19 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Yusef-Zadeh et al. (2023) have classified NTFs into two distinct categories: long NTFs with non-thermal spectral indices, oriented perpendicular to the Galactic plane, and short NTFs with thermal spectral indices aligned parallel to the plane.”
BackgroundDETAILED MOLECULAR OBSERVATIONS TOWARD THE DOUBLE HELIX NEBULA
Torii, K., Enokiya, R., Morris, M., Hasegawa, K., Kudo, N., & Fukui, Y. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/213/1/8 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“3) also show emission features at 0 km s−1 (Torii et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCold molecular gas outflow encasing the ionized one in the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3281
de Oliveira, B. D., Storchi‐Bergmann, T., Morganti, R., Riffel, R. A., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1076 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Where is the western part of the Galactic Center Lobe located really?
Tsuboi, M., Tsutsumi, T., Kitamura, Y., Miyawaki, R., Miyazaki, A., & Miyoshi, M. (2020) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psaa077 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, Tsuboi et al. (2020) suggested that the western part of the northern lobe is an H ii region located within a few kiloparsec from us (at a heliocentric distance of ∼2 kpc) and not in the GC region.”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Yusef-Zadeh, F., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., & Heywood, I. 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2306.01071 · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Recently a molecular bubble was also observed within the central degrees, coinciding with the shape of the radio bubbles (panel d in figure 7; Veena et al. 2023) and with the Polar Arc (Bally et al. 1988).”
BackgroundRevealing Gas Inflows Toward the Galactic Central Molecular Zone
Su, Y., Zhang, S., Sun, Y., Yang, J., YAN, Q.-Z., Zhang, S., Chen, Z., Chen, X., Zhou, X., & Yuan, L. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad656d · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…winds has attracted even more attention very recently due to the cold gaseous substances found in the FBs from the large-scale H i and CO studies (e.g., Lockman & McClure-Griffiths 2016; Di Teodoro et al. 2018; Lockman et al. 2020; Di Teodoro et al. 2020; Noon et al. 2023; Veena et al. 2023).”
BackgroundStar formation in extreme environments: A 200 pc high velocity gas stream in the Galactic centre
Veena, V. S., Kim, W.-J., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Schilke, P., Menten, K. M., Fuller, G. A., Sormani, M. C., Wyrowski, F., Banda-Barragán, W. E., Riquelme, D., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450902 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationHydrodynamic shielding in radiative multicloud outflows within multiphase galactic winds
Villares, A. S., Banda-Barragán, W. E., & Rojas, C. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2392 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAntipov, A., Banda-Barragán, W. E., Birnboim, Y., Federrath, C., Gnat, O., & Brüggen, M. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf949 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationShock waves in Interstellar Cloud-Cloud and Wind-Cloud Collisions
Navarrete, S., Pinargote, B. J., & Banda-Barragán, W. E. (2024) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2796/1/012005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNGC 6860, Mrk 915, and MCG -01-24-012
de Oliveira, B. D., Storchi‐Bergmann, T., Nagar, N. M., García‐Burillo, S., Riffel, R. A., Wylezalek, D., Kukreti, P., & Ramakrishnan, V. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555306 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Galactic Superbubbles in 3D: Wind Formation and Cloud Shielding
Suárez-López, O., Villares, A. S., & Banda-Barragán, W. E. (2024) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2796/1/012004 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The Galactic Centre (GC) of our Galaxy offers a unique view of galactic outflows (e.g., see [17]), given its proximity to us.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe imprint of magnetic fields on absorption spectra from circumgalactic wind-cloud systems
Casavecchia, B., Banda-Barragán, W. E., Brüggen, M., Brighenti, F., & Scannapieco, E. S. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449461 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationA global view on star formation: The GLOSTAR Galactic plane survey
Gong, Y., Reich, W., Rugel, M. R., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., Wyrowski, F., Müller, P., Dzib, S. A., Urquhart, J., Ay, Y., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556767 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe interaction of a large-scale nuclear wind with the high-velocity H ii region G0.17+0.15
Yusef-Zadeh, F., Zhao, J., Arendt, R. G., Wardle, M., Royster, M., Rudnick, L., & Michail, J. M. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae526 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How Is Cold Gas Loaded into Galactic Nuclear Outflows?
Su, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, S., Du, F., Zhou, X., YAN, Q.-Z., & Chen, X. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2ea1
“1 M ⊙ yr − 1 ; e.g., J. Bland-Hawthorn & M. Co-hen 2003; G. Ponti et al. 2019, 2021; V. S. Veena et al. 2023), the cold gas loading rate may exceed 0.3–0 .”
InfluentialModelling the non-equilibrium chemistry of the Milky Way’s cold nuclear wind
Noon, K. A., Krumholz, M. R., McClure‐Griffiths, N. M., Teodoro, E. M. D., & Armillotta, L. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag715
SDSS-V LVM: Verifying what, and where, the “Galactic center lobe” is
Kreckel, K., Egorov, O. V., Drory, N., Blanc, G. A., Méndez-Delgado, J. E., Kabanovic, S., Bizyaev, D., Brownstein, J. R., Egorova, E., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659505
- Authors
- Veena, V. S., Riquelme, D., Kim, W.-J., Menten, K. M., Schilke, P., Sormani, M. C., Banda-Barragán, W. E., Wyrowski, F., Fuller, G. A., & Cheema, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Publisher
- EDP Sciences
- Published
- 2023-06
- Volume
- 674
- Pages
- L15
- ISSN
- 0004-6361 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0746
- OpenAlex
- W4380449853
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Astronomy and Astrophysics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (193.C-0584, 092.F-9315)
- California Institute of Technology
- National Research Foundation
- European Southern Observatory
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/X001229/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, Galactic chimneys, 13CO emission, 12C/13C isotopic ratio, molecular clouds, radio bubbles, Sgr A*, radio recombination lines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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