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Cited by 136Neuropeptides and Animal PhysiologyPancreatic function and diabetesRegulation of Appetite and Obesity

A centenary of gastrointestinal endocrinology

Rehfeld, J. F.·2004·Hormone and Metabolic Research
DOI 10.1055/s-2004-826154
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Abstract

Gastrointestinal hormones are peptides released to circulation from endocrine cells as well as neurons in the gastrointestinal tract. More than 30 hormone genes are currently known to be expressed in the stomach and intestines, which makes the gut the largest endocrine organ in the body. Moreover, cell and molecular biology now makes it feasible to conceive gastrointestinal endocrinology under five general headings: 1) The structural homology groups the hormones into eight families, each of which is assumed to originate from a common ancestral gene; 2) the individual hormone gene often have multiple phenotypes due to alternative splicing of the primary transcript, tandem organization of the translational product or differentiated maturation of the prohormone. By a combination of these mechanisms, more than 100 different hormonally active peptides are released from the gastrointestinal tract; 3) in addition, gut hormone genes are also widely expressed outside the gut, some only in neurons and/or in endocrine cells, but others also in other extraintestinal cell-types; 4) the different cell types may express different hormonally active fragments of the same prohormone by variation in the cell-specific posttranslational processing. Finally, 5) endocrine cells, neurons, and spermatozoa display different cell-specific release of gut peptides, so the same peptide may act as a metabolic blood-borne hormone, as a neurotransmitter, as a long-acting growth factor, and as an acute fertility factor.

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  • Gastrointestinal enteroendocrine cells are configured as open cells that sense the luminal milieu or closed cells that respond indirectly to luminal content.

    “To subserve this signaling function gastrointestinal EECs are configured either as “open” cells-possessing long, slim, finger-like extensions on their apical side to sense the luminal milieu and, in turn, release signaling molecules, or as “closed” cells which do not access the lumen, but can respond indirectly to luminal content (2).”

    From Gut mechanisms linking intestinal sweet sensing to glycemic control (2018) · cites this paper as [2]

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Authors
Rehfeld, J. F.
Affiliations
University of Copenhagen (DK)
Corresponding author
Rehfeld, J. F.
Venue
Hormone and Metabolic Research
Publisher
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published
2004-11
Volume
36
Issue
11/12
Pages
735-741
ISSN
  • 0018-5043 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-4286
DOI
10.1055/s-2004-826154
OpenAlex
W1999172670
Cited by
136
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 10
FWCI
1.17
Type
journal article
Language
de
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Hormone and Metabolic Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
Keywords
gastrointestinal endocrinology, gastrointestinal hormones, gastrointestinal peptides, prohormone processing, alternative splicing, post-translational processing, spermatozoa, neurotransmitters, growth factors, fertility factors, centenary
MeSH terms
Endocrinology, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Humans, Phenotype, Alternative Splicing, Protein Isoforms, Peptide Hormones, Gastrointestinal Tract, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century

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