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Cited by 578Regulation of Appetite and ObesityBariatric Surgery and OutcomesDiabetes Treatment and Management

Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3–36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB

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Steinert, Robert E., Feinle-Bisset, Christine, Asarian, Lori, Horowitz, Michael, Beglinger, Christoph, Geary, Nori·2017·Physiological Reviews
DOI 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014PMC PMC6151490
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Abstract

The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3–36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3–36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3–36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.

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  • GLP-1 and PYY can stimulate satiation and inhibit eating, acting either directly on hypothalamic centers of appetite control or indirectly via the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway.

    “GLP-1 and PYY can stimulate satiation and inhibit eating, acting either directly on the hypothalamic centers of appetite control, or indirectly via the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway (Latorre et al., 2016;Steinert et al., 2017).”

    From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Steinert et al., 2017

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Authors
Steinert, R. E., Feinle-Bisset, C., Asarian, L., Horowitz, M., Beglinger, C., & Geary, N.
Affiliations
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry,...
Corresponding author
Steinert, Robert E.
ORCID
Venue
Physiological Reviews
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Published
2017-01
Volume
97
Issue
1
Pages
411-463
ISSN
  • 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-1210
DOI
10.1152/physrev.00031.2014
PMC
PMC6151490
OpenAlex
W2562627518
Cited by
578
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 1
FWCI
5.25
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK092608)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords
ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, gastrointestinal hormones, nutrient sensing, food intake regulation, obesity, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, bariatric surgery, gastric emptying, enteroendocrine cells, local signaling, type 2 diabetes
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Cholecystokinin, Eating, Humans, Obesity, Peptide Fragments, Gastric Bypass, Peptide YY, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Ghrelin

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