Cited by 1,005Exercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle Physiology and DisordersCardiovascular and exercise physiology

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Myofibrillar Damage Following Intense Eccentric Exercise in Man

Fridén, J., Sjöström, M., Ekblom, B.·1983·International Journal of Sports Medicine

DOI 10.1055/s-2008-1026030

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Abstract

Muscle soreness that has a delayed onset is a common feature among both athletes and untrained individuals who engage in unusual exercises. This study was designed to provide additional morphological data to assess the relevance and significance of our previous findings that the sore muscles contain fibers with disorganized myofibrillar material. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 males (mean age 25 +/- 7 years), who suffered from severe soreness in their thigh muscles 18--72 h following eccentric bicycle exercise. Their strength performance were tested in parallel. Knee extensor strength was decreased at all angular velocities soon after exercise but gradually increased over the subsequent days although slower at the fastest contractions. Disturbances of the cross-striated band pattern were constantly observed. They originated from the myofibrillar Z-band, which showed marked streaming, broadening and, at places, total disruption. The disturbances were found in every second to every third fiber up to 3 days after exercise and in one tenth of the fibers 6 days following the exercise. Type 2 fibers were predominantly affected. Thus, the eccentric exercise gives rise to muscles soreness and influences, on mechanical basis and selectively with regard to fiber type, the fine structure of the contractile apparatus.

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Self-citation
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Background
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BackgroundResult
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Caffeine’s Beneficial Effect on Maximal Voluntary Strength and Activation in Uninjured but Not Injured Muscle
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BackgroundResult
Free Radical Scavengers and Diaphragm Injury Following Inspiratory Resistive Loading
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PAINS, STRAINS, AND FASCICULATIONS
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“Mechanical disruption of protein filaments within muscle fibers occurs along with a secondary inflammatory response.(37) Pain (hyperalgesia and allodynia), edema, and weakness can also result.”
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Ultrastructural changes and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ regulation in red vastus muscle following eccentric exercise in the rat
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“These initial and progressive changes of damaged muscles subjected to eccentric exercise are in agreement with most of the evidence from previous studies (Armstrong et al. 1983; Friden et al. 1983; Newham et al. 1983; Ogilvie et al. 1988).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Intramuscular pressure and torque during isometric, concentric and eccentric muscular activity
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Ubiquitin Proteasome System Activity is Suppressed by Curcumin following Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Human Skeletal Muscle
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Background
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Background
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Rijkelijkhuizen, J. M., de Ruiter, C. J., Huijing, P. A., et al. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.01329 · Cited by 30
“Several aspects may underlie changes in muscle function following eccentric exercise: First, muscle damage (A): for instance, regions of lengthened sarcomeres associated with Zline streaming are mentioned as a result of eccentric exercise (Armstrong et al., 1983; Friden et al., 1983).”
The effect of lengthening contractions on neuromuscular junction structure in adult and old mice
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“The time course and characteristics of contraction-inducedmuscle injury and recovery are similar for mice (Brooks et al. 1995; Faulkner et al. 1989) and humans (Faulkner et al. 1993; Friden et al. 1983).”
Background
Jaw pain and tenderness levels during and after repeated sustained maximum voluntary protrusion
Clark, G. T., Adler, R. C., & Lee, J. J. (1991) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(91)90159-u · Cited by 30
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“Eccentric actions can result in disruption to connective tissue (Stauber et al. 1990) and diverse myocellular components including sarcolemma, myofibrils and cytoskeleton (Friden et al. 1983, Tidball et al. 1993).”
Background
Why does knee extensor muscles torque decrease after eccentric-type exercise?
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“Actually our Capma~ test protocol fitted well the conditions of intensity and duration that have been shown to be capable of producing such intracellular and focal micro injuries in the working muscles (Friddn et al. 1983; Hikida et al. 1983; Armstrong 1990; Byrd 1992).”
Method
Dehydration and symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness in hyperthermic males.
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Nitric oxide: Is it the cause of muscle soreness?
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“From biopsy samples, Friden and co-workers [5,6] reported that DOMS-associated muscle damage included intermyofibrillar sarcoma disturbances, and Z-band streaming, especially in Type 2 fibers [7–10].”
Background
Influence of body mass loss and myoglobinuria on the development of muscle fatigue after a marathon in a warm environment
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“A large number of studies aimed to identify different explanations for a muscle ́s healing responses based on various immunohistochemical and histopathological investigations involving inflammatory cells and mediators, tissue and membrane damage or changes in vascular permeability [13, 31, 32].”
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“Although muscle soreness, muscle damage, and muscle weakness are common consequences of eccentric contractions, the extent of these responses varies widely between individuals (15).”
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Effects of exhaustive stretch‐shortening cycle exercise on muscle blood flow during exercise
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“However, the eccentric phase of SSC exercise or eccentric muscle action itself is thought to be a major contributor to delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), which can be felt subjectively after vigorous exercise (Hough 1902, Friden et al. 1983, Newham et al. 1983).”
Background
Fatigue-induced changes in hamstrings’ active muscle stiffness: effect of contraction type and implications for strain injuries
Evangelidis, P. E., Shan, X., Otsuka, S., Yang, C., Yamagishi, T., & Kawakami, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05104-0 · Cited by 28
“Muscle damage following eccentric contractions is greater in type II fibres (Fridén et al. 1983).”
Background
Serial assessment of local peripheral vascular function after eccentric exercise
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“Muscular actions, such as unaccustomed eccentric muscle exercise of sufficient intensity and duration, have been repeatedly verified in human and animal studies as being responsible for the disruption of contractile and/or connective tissue (Friden et al., 1983, Lieber and Friden, 1993, al., 1994).”
Background
Short‐term high‐ vs low‐velocity isokinetic lengthening training results in greater hypertrophy of the elbow flexors in young men
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“Previously, our laboratory had labeled the ultrastructural observation of smeared or disrupted Z lines as muscle damage (5, 46), in accordance with others (15, 18, 39).”
Result
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“Unaccustomed, high intensity ECC exercise can cause myofibrillar damage, local, and systemic inflammatory responses, delayed onset muscle soreness, initial loss of strength (Fridén et al., 1983) and even insulin resistance (Kirwan et al.”
Background
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High specific torque is related to lengthening contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury
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“Several studies have indicated that fast-contracting fibers or motor units may be more vulnerable to injury (3, 14, 44) than their slow-contracting counterparts.”
Background
Exercício físico e sistema imunológico: mecanismos e integrações
Leandro, C. G., do Nascimento, E., Manhães‐de‐Castro, R., Duarte, J. A., & de Castro, C. M. M. B. (2002) · Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto · doi:10.5628/rpcd.02.05.80 · Cited by 29
Muscle pain after exercise is linked with an inorganic phosphate increase as shown by31P NMR
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Influence of exercise on cardiac and skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins
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“For example, the occurrence of myofibrillar damage showing Z-line streaming and sarcomere disruption in response to exercise-induced injuries confirms previous reports employing eccentric exercise noted for humans [1, 15].”
Attenuation of force deficit after lengthening contractions in soleus muscle from trained rats
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Eccentric exercise inhibits the H reflex in the middle part of the trapezius muscle
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“…evoked 24 h after high-level eccentric contractions could stem from acute damage to the muscle Wbres during exercise, causing a mechanical disruption of the ultra-structural elements within the muscle Wbres and extracellular matrix (Armstrong 1984; Crameri et al. 2007; Friden et al. 1983).”
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“The higher sensitivity of type II fibers to EIMD [47] may partly explain why training interventions designed to increase eccentric hamstring strength [50] decrease HSI risk.”
Background
Effects of muscle-damaging exercise on physiological, metabolic, and perceptual responses during two modes of endurance exercise
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Impact of initial muscle length on force deficit following lengthening contractions in mammalian skeletal muscle
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“, z-line streaming, such that the normal overlap of thick and thin filaments is altered.(3) These ultrastructural changes are observed regardless of whether the contractions are induced in vivo,(1,3) in situ,(10) or in vitro.”
Background
Influence of Jaw Clenching and Tooth Grinding on Bilateral Sternocleidomastoid EMG Activity
Rodríguez, K. O., Miralles, R., Gutiérrez, M. F., et al. (2011) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1179/crn.2011.004 · Cited by 27
Mechanical, Biochemical, and Electromyographic Responses to Short-Term Eccentric–Concentric Knee Extensor Training in Humans
Váczi, M., Tihanyi, J., Hortobágyi, T., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c1fa47 · Cited by 27
“M0 Vastus medialis EXP 102 (41) 128* (49) 144* (67) 150* (65) CON 236 (64) 247 (85) 226 (36) 246 (47) Vastus lataralis EXP 267 (165) 394* (150) 376* (191) 343* (210) CON 220 (64) 286* (115) 303* (81) 334* (97) Rectus femoris EXP 326 (128) 400* (129) 374 (174) 416* (129) CON 299 (55) 302 (94) 302 (71) 331* (83) VL + VM…”
Background
The effect of repeated muscle biopsy sampling on ATP and glycogen resynthesis following exercise in man
Constantin‐Teodosiu, D., Casey, A. E., Short, A. H., Hultman, E., & Greenhaff, P. L. (1996) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00262830 · Cited by 28
“Conversely, human studies have suggested that type II fibre are mainly affected (Frid6n et al. 1983; Jones et al. 1986).”
Background
Physiology and pathophysiology of skeletal muscle contractions
CHRISTENSEN, L. V. (1986) · Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.1986.tb01307.x · Cited by 27
Massage as a Mechanotherapy for Skeletal Muscle
Pelt, D. W. V., Lawrence, M. M., Miller, B. F., Butterfield, T. A., & Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E. (2021) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000244 · Cited by 36
“Depending on the physical conditioning of the individual, these symptoms can last up to 1 wk (18).”
Background
Irisin response to downhill running exercise in humans
Tsuchiya, Y., Mizuno, S., & Goto, K. (2018) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/jenb.2018.0011 · Cited by 26
Elevation of fast but not slow troponin I in the circulation of patients with Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Barthel, B. L., Cox, D., Barbieri, M. L., Ziemba, M., Straub, V. W., Hoffman, E. P., & Russell, A. J. (2021) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.27222 · Cited by 25
“Structural response to stress may also be different as fast fibers contain smaller integrating z-discs(22) that are more susceptibility to disruption.(23) Additional studies will be required to determine why slow muscle fibers resist membrane rupture with contraction injury and may inform novel strategies to protect f…”
Background
Load Acceleration and Footstep Strategies in Asymmetrical Lifting and Lowering
Delise, A., Gagnon, M., & Desjardins, P. (1996) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.1996.11076347 · Cited by 26
Effect of Slow-Velocity Lengthening Contractions on Muscle Damage Induced by Fast-Velocity Lengthening Contractions
Chapman, D. W., Newton, M. J., McGuigan, M. R., & Nosaka, K. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bac2bd · Cited by 27
“It has been shown that type II muscle fibers are more susceptible than type I fibers to muscle damage induced by lengthening contractions (14,15,19).”
Background
Force Per Active Area and Muscle Injury during Electrically Stimulated Contractions
Black, C. D., & McCully, K. K. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181757182 · Cited by 26
“This injury is often accompanied by a decrease in force production (21,28), delayed-onset muscle soreness (10,28), an increase in muscle volume (13,35), an increase in serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) (9,27), as well as sarcomere and ultrastructure disruption (15).”
Background
Effects of Traumeel (Tr14) on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Response in Healthy Subjects: A Double-Blind RCT
Muders, K., Pilat, C., Deuster, V., Frech, T., Krüger, K., Pons-Kühnemann, J., & Mooren, F. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/1693918 · Cited by 24
“Microscopically, observations show ruptures of Z-discs and A-bands and the subsequent dissolution of sarcomere structures in individual muscle fibers [5, 6].”
Influence of Maturation Status on Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and the Repeated Bout Effect in Females
Lin, M.-J., Nosaka, K., Ho, C., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.01118 · Cited by 26
“It has been shown that muscle damage induced by eccentric contractions occurs predominantly to fast-twitch fibers (Fridèn et al., 1983).”
Background
Neuromuscular and Perceptual Responses to Sub-Maximal Eccentric Cycling
Clos, P., Laroche, D., Stapley, P. J., & Lepers, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00354 · Cited by 26
Eccentric Wrist Extensor Contractions and the Force Velocity Relationship in Muscle
Walmsley, R. P., Pearson, N., & Stymiest, P. (1986) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1986.8.6.288 · Cited by 26
Downhill walking induces rapid shallow breathing
Dean, E., & Ross, J. (1989) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00370887 · Cited by 26
Mechanisms underpinning protection against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by ischemic preconditioning
Franz, A., Behringer, M., Nosaka, K., et al. (2016) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2016.11.008 · Cited by 25
“are considered as elicitors for cellular alterations in skeletal muscle and immune cells (97-99).”
Background
Comparison among three different intensities of eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors resulting in the same strength loss at one day post-exercise for changes in indirect muscle damage markers
Chen, T. C., Huang, G.-L., Hsieh, C.-C., Tseng, K., Tseng, W., Chou, T., & Nosaka, K. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04272-w · Cited by 25
Delayed onset muscle soreness induced by eccentric isokinetic exercise
Croisier, J., Camus, G., Forthomme, B., Maquet, D., Vanderthommen, M., & Crielaard, J. M. (2003) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-2003-0130 · Cited by 25
“In eccentric, the increased tension per individual cross bridge causes mechanical disruption of the ultra-J structure elements such as the Z-line and contractile ﬁl-aments [35,38].”
Maximal manual stretcher carriage: performance and recovery of male and female ambulance workers
Leyk, D., Rohde, U., Erley, O. M., Gorges, W., Eßfeld, D., Erren, T. C., & Piekarski, C. (2007) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130701195063 · Cited by 25
“Ambulance personnel should benefit from specific strength training accounting for such eccentric components (Fridén et al. 1983b, Gamble et al. 1991).”
Background
Quadriceps concentric and eccentric exercise 1: Changes in contractile and electrical activity following eccentric and concentric exercise
Hamlin, M. J., & Quigley, B. M. (2001) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/s1440-2440(01)80011-6 · Cited by 26
The acute effects of an intense stretch-shortening cycle fatigue protocol on the neuromechanical parameters of lower limbs in men and prepubescent boys
Lazaridis, S. N., Patikas, D., Bassa, E. I., et al. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1287932 · Cited by 25
Age-related differences in the pancreatic β-cell response to hyperglycemia after eccentric exercise
Krishnan, R. K., Hernandez, J. M., Williamson, D. L., O’Gorman, D. J., Evans, W. J., & Kirwan, J. P. (1998) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.3.e463 · Cited by 25
“Eccentric exercise results in myofibrillar damage (12), muscle soreness (17), and elevated plasma myocellular protein levels (31).”
Background
Effects of Eccentrically and Concentrically Biased Training on Mouse Muscle Phenotype
Hody, S., Lacrosse, Z., Leprince, P., Collodoro, M., Croisier, J., & Rogister, B. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182894a33 · Cited by 26
“Indeed, it has been reported that Type II (fast twitch) skeletal muscle fibers are more vulnerable to eccentric EIMD than Type I (slow twitch) fibers (6,14).”
Background
The effects of alpha lipoic acid on muscle strength recovery after a single and a short-term chronic supplementation - a study in healthy well-trained individuals after intensive resistance and endurance training
Isenmann, E., Trittel, L., & Diel, P. R. (2020) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-020-00389-y · Cited by 26
Highly Cushioned Shoes Improve Running Performance in Both the Absence and Presence of Muscle Damage
Black, M. I., Kranen, S. H., Kadach, S., Vanhatalo, A., Winn, B., Farina, E. M., Kirby, B. S., & Jones, A. M. (2021) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002832 · Cited by 27
“It has been previously shown that highly glycolytic, type II muscle fibers are more susceptible to eccentric exerciseinduced muscle damage compared with more oxidative, type I muscle fibers (8).”
Background
Muscle is a stage, and cells and factors are merely players
Roman, W., & Muñoz‐Cánoves, P. (2022) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.001 · Cited by 25
Grundlagen der Kraftdiagnostik in Prävention und Rehabilitation
Schlumberger, A., & Schmidtbleicher, D. (2000) · Manuelle Medizin · doi:10.1007/s003370070022 · Cited by 24

Authors: Fridén, J., Sjöström, M., & Ekblom, B.
Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet (SE)
ORCID: Fridén, J.
Ekblom, B.
Venue: International Journal of Sports Medicine
Publisher: Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Published: 1983-08
Volume: 04
Issue: 03
Pages: 170-176
ISSN: 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
1439-3964
DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1026030
OpenAlex: W2006955286
Cited by: 1,005
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 15.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Muscular Dystrophy Association
Vetenskapsrådet
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: delayed onset muscle soreness, eccentric exercise, myofibrillar damage, muscle fiber ultrastructure, fast-twitch muscle, quadriceps strength, muscle strength recovery, exercise-induced muscle damage, thigh muscle
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Biopsy, Physical Exertion, Humans, Knee, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscle Contraction, Myofibrils, Pain, Time Factors

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Myofibrillar Damage Following Intense Eccentric Exercise in Man

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