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Myofibrillar Damage Following Intense Eccentric Exercise in Man
Abstract
Muscle soreness that has a delayed onset is a common feature among both athletes and untrained individuals who engage in unusual exercises. This study was designed to provide additional morphological data to assess the relevance and significance of our previous findings that the sore muscles contain fibers with disorganized myofibrillar material. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 12 males (mean age 25 +/- 7 years), who suffered from severe soreness in their thigh muscles 18--72 h following eccentric bicycle exercise. Their strength performance were tested in parallel. Knee extensor strength was decreased at all angular velocities soon after exercise but gradually increased over the subsequent days although slower at the fastest contractions. Disturbances of the cross-striated band pattern were constantly observed. They originated from the myofibrillar Z-band, which showed marked streaming, broadening and, at places, total disruption. The disturbances were found in every second to every third fiber up to 3 days after exercise and in one tenth of the fibers 6 days following the exercise. Type 2 fibers were predominantly affected. Thus, the eccentric exercise gives rise to muscles soreness and influences, on mechanical basis and selectively with regard to fiber type, the fine structure of the contractile apparatus.
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“As the normal progression of damage and regeneration processes occur, disruptions to sarcomeric (contractile apparatus) and sarcolemmal (membrane) structures have been observed within days of the eccentric exercise bout (35, 55, 56).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [56]
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Eccentric exercise induces transient insulin resistance in healthy individuals
Kirwan, J. P., Hickner, R. C., Yarasheski, K. E., Kohrt, W. M., Wiethop, B. V., & Holloszy, J. O. (1992) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1992.72.6.2197 · Cited by 160
Changes in Calpain Activity, Muscle Structure, and Function after Eccentric Exercise
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“Normally, only a few sarcomeres are disrupted during eccentric exercise (14,15), and because force is not only transmitted longitudinally but also laterally toward the sarcolemma and extracellular matrix, it is possible to transmit force around a few disrupted sarcomeres (8).”
BackgroundHip Adduction and Abduction Strength Profiles in Elite Soccer Players
Thorborg, K., Serner, A., Petersen, J., et al. (2010) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546510378081 · Cited by 157
“Isometric testing has the advantage of producing less stress on the musculoskeletal system than eccentric testing,(3) and thus minimizing the risk of injury and delayed-onset muscle soreness.(7,8) However, whether an isometric hip abduction and hip adduction strength symmetry in injury-free soccer players can be assum…”
Short term effects of various water immersions on recovery from exhaustive intermittent exercise
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Vitamin D Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration and Mitochondrial Health
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“Additionally, damage has been reported to occur predominantly in fast-twitch fibers (19, 20, 25).”
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Mizumura, K., & Taguchi, T. (2015) · The Journal of Physiological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s12576-015-0397-0 · Cited by 152
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BackgroundExercise‐induced muscle damage and inflammation: fact or fiction?
Malm, C. (2001) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00825.x · Cited by 146
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BackgroundAcute milk-based protein–CHO supplementation attenuates exercise-induced muscle damage
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Self-citationMechanisms of muscle injury after eccentric contraction
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Self-citationLesions in the rat soleus muscle following eccentrically biased exercise
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Metabolic and Muscle Damage Profiles of Concentric versus Repeated Eccentric Cycling
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BackgroundForce and EMG power spectrum during and after eccentric and concentric fatigue
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Eccentric Exercise in Coronary Patients: Central Hemodynamic and Metabolic Responses
Meyer, K., Steiner, R., LaStayo, P. C., Lippuner, K., Allemann, Y., Eberli, F. R., Schmid, J. P., Saner, H. E., & Hoppeler, H. H. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000074580.79648.9d · Cited by 135
“4) indicates that significant ultrastructural muscle damage and loss of function as a consequence of a too rapid increase of eccentric training workload (6,16) could be avoided in our patients.”
BackgroundBest, T. M., & Hunter, K. D. (2000) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1047-9651(18)30128-1 · Cited by 136
Terminology for contractions of muscles during shortening, while isometric, and during lengthening
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“The misuse of the terms concentric and eccentric to describe the types of contractions (3, 42) has extended to the type of work (8), exercise (10, 17), load (16), training (46), strength (48), and actions (6).”
BackgroundMaximal-intensity isometric and dynamic exercise performance after eccentric muscle actions
Byrne, C., & Eston, R. G. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102321011706 · Cited by 136
“Evidence suggests that type II ® bres are selectively damaged during eccentric exercise (Friden et al., 1983; Jones et al., 1986) and this is possibly due to selective type II recruitment (Nardone et al., 1989; Enoka, 1996; Asp et al., 1998).”
BackgroundAguila, L. F. D., Krishnan, R. K., Ulbrecht, J. S., Farrell, P. A., Correll, P. H., Lang, C. H., Zierath, J. R., & Kirwan, J. P. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.1.e206 · Cited by 135
“ECC consists of a predominance of muscle fiber lengthening contractions and has been shown to induce marked myofibrillar damage (18) and an inflammatory response similar to the response present after other types of muscle injury (41).”
BackgroundResultYu, J., Malm, C., & Thornell, L. (2002) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-002-0423-1 · Cited by 134
“Manifestations of muscle damage are myofibrillar disruption (Z-line streaming; Friden et al. 1983; Friden and Lieber 1998), prolonged loss of muscle”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRate of force development as a measure of muscle damage
Peñailillo, L., Blazevich, A. J., Numazawa, H., & Nosaka, K. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12241 · Cited by 134
“Exercise involving eccentric (lengthening) contractions results in muscle damage, especially when performed without previous exposure (Friden et al., 1983; Clarkson et al., 1992; Stupka et al., 2001; Paulsen et al., 2009; Raastad et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialMuscle Damage and Endurance Events
Armstrong, R. B. (1986) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198603050-00006 · Cited by 131
Catastrophic medical events with exhaustive exercise: “White collar rhabdomyolysis”
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Changes in the mechanical properties of human and amphibian muscle after eccentric exercise
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Yanagisawa, O., Niitsu, M., Kurihara, T., & Fukubayashi, T. (2011) · Clinical Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.crad.2011.03.012 · Cited by 130
Contrast Water Therapy and Exercise Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bieuzen, F., Bleakley, C., & Costello, J. T. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062356 · Cited by 130
“EIMD frequently occurs after unaccustomed exercise, particularly if the exercise involves a large amount of eccentric (muscle lengthening) contractions [2,4–10].”
Paschalis, V., Koutedakis, Y., Jamurtas, A. Z., Mougios, V., & Baltzopoulos, V. (2005) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-14763.1 · Cited by 145
“These results could be attributed to the fact that HI exercise recruits mainly type II muscle fibers, which were found to be more susceptible to damage compared to type I fibers (9, 14).”
BackgroundChanges in human skeletal muscle induced by long-term eccentric exercise
Frid�n, J. (1984) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00214240 · Cited by 130
Self-citationReduced stretch-reflex sensitivity after exhausting stretch-shortening cycle exercise
Komi, P. V., Horita, T., Kyr�l�inen, H., Takala, T., & Nicol, C. (1996) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00242268 · Cited by 128
Lauritzen, F., Paulsen, G., Raastad, T., Bergersen, L. H., & Owe, S. G. (2009) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00148.2009 · Cited by 126
The Effect of Pomegranate Juice Supplementation on Strength and Soreness after Eccentric Exercise
Trombold, J. R., Reinfeld, A. S., Casler, J. R., & Coyle, E. F. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318220d992 · Cited by 127
“The causes of these functional alterations are not completely understood but are likely because of a complex interaction of structural damage to the myofiber (13), excitation-contraction coupling dysfunction (16), inflammation (4), and oxidative stress (32).”
BackgroundPreferential Type II Muscle Fiber Damage From Plyometric Exercise
Macaluso, F., Isaacs, A. W., & Myburgh, K. H. (2012) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.13 · Cited by 132
“Morphologic studies that investigated which fiber type was more susceptible to damage after other forms of eccentric exercise in humans are limited, but fast-twitch fibers are preferentially damaged.(16,17) For the first time in 1983, selective damage to fast fibers during eccentric (bicycle) training was demonstrated…”
BackgroundEspino-González, E., Dalbram, E., Mounier, R., Gondin, J., Farup, J., Jessen, N., & Treebak, J. T. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.014 · Cited by 141
Brown, S., Child, R., Day, S. H., & Donnelly, A. (1997) · European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050174 · Cited by 142
“The damaging nature of unaccustomed exercise, particularly that involving eccentric muscle contractions, is well documented (Friden et al. 1983; Newham et al. 1987; Stauber 1989).”
BackgroundResultA single bout of eccentric exercise increases HSP27 and HSC/HSP70 in human skeletal muscle
Thompson, H. S., Scordilis, S. P., Clarkson, P. M., et al. (2001) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2001.00795.x · Cited by 125
Exercise‐induced changes in protein metabolism
Tipton, K. D., & Wolfe, R. R. (1998) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.1998.00306.x · Cited by 125
Shock accelerations and attenuation in downhill and level running
Mizrahi, J., Verbitsky, O., & Isakov, E. (2000) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0268-0033(99)00033-9 · Cited by 121
Fusion and beyond: Satellite cell contributions to loading-induced skeletal muscle adaptation
Murach, K. A., Fry, C. S., Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E., McCarthy, J. J., & Peterson, C. A. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202101096r · Cited by 120
Thompson, H. S., Clarkson, P. M., & Scordilis, S. P. (2002) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2002.00922.x · Cited by 120
Human muscle function following prolonged eccentric exercise
Sargeant, A. J., & Dolan, P. (1987) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00424814 · Cited by 119
“Previous studies have reported the time course and response to prolonged eccentric contraction on muscle soreness, enzyme effiux, electrically stimulated muscle characteristics, and evidence of muscle fibre damage (Davies and White 1981; Friden et al. 1983; Newham et al. 1983a, 1983b, 1986; Jones et al. 1986).”
ResultAnti-inflammatory interventions and skeletal muscle injury: benefit or detriment?
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“These contractions produce more injury than isometric or concentric contractions according to histological evidence of ultrastructural disruptions and functional analysis demonstrating losses in muscle strength (23, 24, 48, 60).”
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Effect of physical exercise on cytokines and lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood
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Muscle damage and soreness after endurance exercise of the elbow flexors
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“eccentric component such as downhill walking (22,30), downhill running (31), shuttle running (34), cycling exercise (10), and stepping (21,23) or sitting (33) exercises.”
BackgroundDifferent response to eccentric and concentric training in older men and women
Müeller, M., Breil, F., Vogt, M., Steiner, R., Lippuner, K., Popp, A. W., Klossner, S., Hoppeler, H. H., & Däpp, C. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1108-4 · Cited by 120
“A major concern in this study was to avoid the negative consequences of eccentric exercise, consisting of muscle damage i.e. DOMS (Friden et al. 1983).”
InfluentialDecreased EMG median frequency during a second bout of eccentric contractions
Warren, G. L., HERMANN, K. M., Ingalls, C. P., Masselli, M. R., & Armstrong, R. B. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200004000-00015 · Cited by 114
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Muscle fiber typology substantially influences time to recover from high-intensity exercise
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“Moreover, an 552 eccentric component might even exaggerate differences between groups as it has been 553 suggested that fast twitch fibers are more easily damaged after eccentric exercises than 554 slow twitch fibers (15).”
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“It is known that eccentric muscle actions may result in structural damage to the myofibrillar apparatus (Fridén et al, 1983) and subsequent inflammation (Mishra et al, 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffects of ibuprofen on exercise-induced muscle soreness and indices of muscle damage.
Donnelly, A. E., Maughan, R. J., & Whiting, P. H. (1990) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.24.3.191 · Cited by 113
The efficacy of ice massage in the treatment of exercise‐induced muscle damage
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“A more plausible explanation is Z-band streaming and disruption to stress-susceptible contractile units causing functional impairment, which has been previously observed with eccentric exercise (Fridén et al., 1983); the mechanisms for this have been discussed by Fridén and Lieber (1992).”
BackgroundAging, Functional Capacity and Eccentric Exercise Training
Gault, M. L. (2013) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2013.0400351 · Cited by 110
“Finally, it has been proposed that to repair muscle damage following the initial bout of ECC exercise sarcomeres within a myofibril are added in series [112].”
BackgroundShin, K.-A., Park, K. D., Ahn, J., Park, Y., & Kim, Y.-J. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003657 · Cited by 109
Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise
Ebbeling, C. B., & Clarkson, P. M. (1990) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00572181 · Cited by 110
“tural muscle damage (Armstrong et al. 1983; Friden et al. 1983a; Hoppeler 1986; Jones et al. 1986; Newham et al. 1983c), delayed-onset muscle soreness (Byrnes et al. 1985; Schwane et al. 1983), performance decrements (Davies and White 1981; Howell et al. 1985; Newham et al. 1983a), and increases in muscle proteins in…”
BackgroundInfluentialLevers, K. S., Dalton, R., Galvan, E., Goodenough, C. G., O’Connor, A., Simbo, S. Y., Barringer, N., Mertens‐Talcott, S. U., Rasmussen, C. J., Greenwood, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0102-y · Cited by 109
“The repetitive nature of muscle contractions during bouts of high intensity exercise will induce muscular injury as a result of ultrastructural disruptions [3, 5–7] that ultimately lead to a muscular repair sequence of events: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration, and fibrosis [3, 8].”
BackgroundChen, T. C. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0791-1 · Cited by 107
“…eccentric exercise (Nardone and Schieppati 1988; Nardone et al. 1989; Howell et al. 1995; Enoka 1996; McHugh et al. 2000, 2002) and that fast-twitch fibers are more susceptible to injury with eccentric exercise (Fridén et al. 1983; Fridén 1984; Lieber and Fridén 1991; MacPherson et al. 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialRoth, S. M., Martel, G. F., Ivey, F. M., Lemmer, J. T., Tracy, B. L., HURLBUT, D. E., Metter, E. J., Hurley, B. F., & Rogers, M. A. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.1833 · Cited by 105
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“First, delayed onset muscle soreness and ultrastructural disruptions are selectively associated with exercise involving EC (Fridén et al. 1981, 1983; Fridén, 1984; Jones et al. 1986; Clarkson & Tremblay, 1988).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEffect of carbohydrate-protein supplement timing on acute exercise-induced muscle damage
White, J. P., Wilson, J. M., Austin, K. G., Greer, B. K., St John, N., & Panton, L. B. (2008) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-5-5 · Cited by 106
“Currently it is thought that mechanically induced trauma from physical exertion triggers a metabolic cascade of events characterized by progressive increases in microscopic indicators of muscle damage [5,6].”
The effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on perceived exertion and cycling endurance performance
Twist, C., & Eston, R. G. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0935-z · Cited by 111
Mackinnon, S. E., & Novak, C. B. (2002) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1067/msg.2002.127926 · Cited by 104
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“Fast-type fibres appear to be more susceptible than slow fibres to external force-induced microtraumatic damage, even in healthy subjects (Fridén et al. 1983) and this predisposition may be aggravated in spastic muscles, perhaps leading to increased remodelling inside the fast fibres.”
BackgroundBeltrán, L., Ghazikhanian, V., Padrón, M., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2011.03.099 · Cited by 105
Vijayan, K., Thompson, J. L., Norenberg, K. M., Fitts, R. H., & Riley, D. A. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.3.770 · Cited by 104
“Fast fibers appear to have narrower Z bands compared with slow fibers (4), which reflect the lower amounts of thick and thin filament tethering proteins such as titin and a-actinin (31).”
Changes in running economy at different intensities following downhill running
Chen, T. C., Nosaka, K., Lin, M.-J., et al. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410903062027 · Cited by 102
“It has been shown that type II fibres are more susceptible to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage than type I fibres (Friden, Sjostrom, & Ekblom, 1983 ).”
BackgroundProtective role of α-actinin-3 in the response to an acute eccentric exercise bout
Vincent, B., Windelinckx, A., Nielens, H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01007.2009 · Cited by 102
“It is well documented that unaccustomed eccentric muscle contractions cause sarcomere disruption (17, 18) and muscle cell breakdown, which initiates a wide spectrum of intramyocellular responses, including inflammation, and an exaggerated myocellular repair/remodeling response (48).”
BackgroundEffects of eccentric exercise on the immune system in men
Malm, C., Lenkei, R., & Sjödin, B. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.86.2.461 · Cited by 102
“The purpose was 1) to investigate which subclasses of circulating leukocytes are affected by eccentric exercise, 2) to correlate immunologic and physiological parameters before and after eccentric exercise, and 3) to investigate the effects of postexercise treatment with 950-nm pulsed, monochromatic light (Biolight) o…”
BackgroundInfluentialTannerstedt, J., Apró, W., & Blomstrand, E. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91243.2008 · Cited by 104
Mense, S., Simons, D. G., Hoheisel, U., et al. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00727.2002 · Cited by 100
Statin‐associated myopathy and its exacerbation with exercise
Meador, B. M., & Huey, K. A. (2010) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21817 · Cited by 99
“model to induce muscle damage as compared with concentric or isometric exercise.(67,68)”
MethodWarm underwater water-jet massage improves recovery from intense physical exercise
Viitasalo, J. T., Niemel�, K., Kaappola, R., et al. (1995) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00635877 · Cited by 99
“Depending on the type, intensity and duration of the training as well as on the training history and neuromuscular structure of the subject, the reduction in performance capacity has been found to last up to several days ( Ebbeling and Clarkson 1989 ).”
BackgroundExercise and oxygen radical production by muscle
Jackson, M. J. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044482650-3/50002-x · Cited by 99
Role of brain IL-1β on fatigue after exercise-induced muscle damage
Carmichael, M. D., Davis, J. M., Murphy, E. A., Brown, A. S., Carson, J. A., Mayer, E. P., & Ghaffar, A. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00141.2006 · Cited by 98
Residual muscular swelling after repetitive eccentric contractions
Fridén, J. O., Sfakianos, P. N., Hargens, A. R., & Akeson, W. H. (1988) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.1100060404 · Cited by 97
Self-citationWhole-Body Vibration and the Prevention and Treatment of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Aminianfar, A., Hadian, M. R., Olyaei, G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-46.1.43 · Cited by 97
“3d 15/9/10 18:32:27 1 Journal of Athletic Training 2010;45(6):000–000 g by the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, Inc www.”
BackgroundEccentric Exercise to Enhance Neuromuscular Control
Lepley, L. K., Lepley, A. S., Oñate, J. A., & Grooms, D. R. (2017) · Sports Health A Multidisciplinary Approach · doi:10.1177/1941738117710913 · Cited by 96
“This negative association between eccentric exercise and injury is likely because of research that uses very high–intensity and volume-lengthening exercises to experimentally induce injury, resulting in a large body of literature that supports the notion that eccentric exercise can be dangerous.(13,27,70,71) Important…”
BackgroundDelayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Training
Byrnes, W. C., & Clarkson, P. M. (1986) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(20)31113-3 · Cited by 94
Eccentric Exercise Increases Satellite Cell Content in Type II Muscle Fibers
Cermak, N. M., Snijders, T., McKay, B. R., Parise, G., Verdijk, L. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Gibala, M. J., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2013) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318272cf47 · Cited by 95
“and damage of the Type II muscle fibers (9,10,38).”
BackgroundUncoupling of in vivo torque production from EMG in mouse muscles injured by eccentric contractions
Warren, G. L., Ingalls, C. P., Shah, S. J., & Armstrong, R. B. (1999) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.609ac.x · Cited by 94
Denegar, C. R., & Perrin, D. H. (1992) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 93
Saxton, J., Donnelly, A., & Roper, H. (1994) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00376765 · Cited by 94
“Focal myofibrillar disruptions have been demonstrated in muscle biopsy specimens taken immediately after unaccustomed eccentric exercise (Friden et al. 1983; Newham et al. 1983).”
BackgroundPhysiological and biological factors associated with a 24 h treadmill ultra‐marathon performance
Millet, G. Y., Banfi, J.-C., Kerhervé, H. A., Morin, J.-B., Vincent, L., Estrade, C., GEYSSANT, A., & Féasson, L. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01001.x · Cited by 94
“In contrast, it may be hypothesized that a high percentage of slow twitch fibers is an advantage in ultramarathon running because of the higher ability of these fibers to resist muscle damage (Friden et al., 1983).”
BackgroundSMITH, L. L., Fulmer, M. G., Holbert, D., McCammon, M. R., Houmard, J. A., Frazer, D., Nsien, E. E., & Israel, R. G. (1994) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.28.4.267 · Cited by 94
Load Dependence of Secondary Diaphragm Inflammation and Injury after Acute Inspiratory Loading
Jiang, T.-X., Reid, W. D., BELCASTRO, A. N., et al. (1998) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9702051 · Cited by 92
Horita, T., Komi, P. V., Hämäläinen, I., & Avela, J. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0716-z · Cited by 92
Metadata
- Authors
- Fridén, J., Sjöström, M., & Ekblom, B.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1983-08
- Volume
- 04
- Issue
- 03
- Pages
- 170-176
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W2006955286
- Cited by
- 1,005
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 15.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Muscular Dystrophy Association
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- delayed onset muscle soreness, eccentric exercise, myofibrillar damage, muscle fiber ultrastructure, fast-twitch muscle, quadriceps strength, muscle strength recovery, exercise-induced muscle damage, thigh muscle
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Biopsy, Physical Exertion, Humans, Knee, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Mitochondria, Muscle, Muscle Contraction, Myofibrils, Pain, Time Factors
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