Clinical and Genetic Abnormalities in Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia
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BACKGROUND: Friedreich's ataxia, the most common inherited ataxia, is associated with a mutation that consists of an unstable expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene on chromosome 9, which encodes a protein of unknown function. METHODS: We studied 187 patients with autosomal recessive ataxia, determined the size of the GAA expansions, and analyzed the clinical manifestations in relation to the number of GAA repeats and the duration of disease. RESULTS: One hundred forty of the 187 patients, with ages at onset ranging from 2 to 51 years, were homozygous for a GAA expansion that had 120 to 1700 repeats of the trinucleotides. About one quarter of the patients, despite being homozygous, had atypical Friedreich's ataxia; they were older at presentation and had intact tendon reflexes. Larger GAA expansions correlated with earlier age at onset and shorter times to loss of ambulation. The size of the GAA expansions (and particularly that of the smaller of each pair) was associated with the frequency of cardiomyopathy and loss of reflexes in the upper limbs. The GAA repeats were unstable during transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical spectrum of Friedreich's ataxia is broader than previously recognized, and the direct molecular test for the GAA expansion on chromosome 9 is useful for diagnosis, determination of prognosis, and genetic counseling.
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- Authors
- Dürr, A., Cossee, M., Agid, Y., Campuzano, V., Mignard, C., Penet, C., Mandel, J.-L., Brice, A., & Koenig, M.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (FR)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1996-10-17
- Volume
- 335
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1169-1175
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2336904126
- Cited by
- 1,071
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 11.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Genetic Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Glycogen Storage Diseases and Myoclonus
- Keywords
- Friedreich's ataxia, GAA repeat expansion, frataxin gene, trinucleotide repeat instability, autosomal recessive ataxia, age of onset, loss of ambulation, cardiomyopathy, deep tendon reflexes, clinical spectrum, genetic counseling, prognosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Base Sequence, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Female, Friedreich Ataxia, Homozygote, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Phenotype, Regression Analysis, Age of Onset, Disease Progression, Trinucleotide Repeats
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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