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Neuropathological Features of Covid-19
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Brain Autopsy Series in Patients with Covid-19 Eighteen brains of patients who died 0 to 32 days after the onset of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection showed hypoxic–ischemic changes but no encephali...
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“a study carried out on the brains of 18 adults between the ages of 53 and 75 fallen victim to the virus revealed neither CT-informed macrostructural abnormalities, nor microstructural damage ascribable to the virus, but only mild hypoxia-related modifications with, importantly, limited evidence of viral presence in the brain (34).”
From The impact of COVID-19 infection and enforced prolonged social isolation on neuropsychiatric symptoms in older adults with and without dementia: A review (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
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Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · Cited by 7,166
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Impact of age and sex on neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a murine model
Krishna, V. D., Chang, A., Korthas, H. T., Var, S. R., Seelig, D. M., Low, W. C., Li, L., & Cheeran, M. C. ‐. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404312 · Cited by 14
Delcuve, G. P., Lakowski, T. M., Su, R., Beacon, T. H., & Davie, J. (2020) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.2380 · Cited by 15
“37–39 Thus, severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by a high incidence of thromboembolic events, and these can produce strokes, as shown by the histopathological examination of brain specimens revealing hypoxic changes.(40) Moreover, it was suggested that thrombosis plays a role very early in the COVID-19 disease.”
BackgroundNeurologic aspects of coronavirus disease of 2019 infection
Hassett, C. E., & Frontera, J. A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0000000000000731 · Cited by 15
Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in multiple organs affected by COVID-19
Paris, G. C., de Azevedo, A., Ferreira, A. L. P., Azevedo, Y. M. A. D., Rainho, M. D. A., de Oliveira, G. P., Silva, K. R., Cortez, E. A. C., Stumbo, A. C., de Carvalho, S. N., et al. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119510 · Cited by 15
“hand, although autopsies showed SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in the brains of 21 (53%) of 40 examined patients, they were not associated with the severity of neuropathological changes, which were mainly attributed to mild neuroinflammatory or hypoxic changes [170,171].”
The Mental Well-Being of Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ariza‐Montes, A., Mahmood, F., Han, H., & Saleem, M. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002470 · Cited by 18
Wei, Z. D., Liang, K., & Shetty, A. K. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0312 · Cited by 17
Aragão, M. D. F. V. V., Gouveia, M. D. C. L., Andrade, P., Filho, O. Q. C., Aragao, L. V., Fonseca, T., Valença, M. A., Leão, M. R. V. C., Aragao, J. P. V., Soares, M. L. L., et al. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13050845 · Cited by 17
Olfactory Bulb and Amygdala Gene Expression Changes in Subjects Dying with COVID-19Preprint
Piras, I. S., Huentelman, M. J., Walker, J. E., Arce, R. A., Glass, M. J., Vargas, D., Sue, L. I., Intorcia, A. J., Nelson, C. M., Suszczewicz, K. E., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.12.21263291 · Cited by 16
Schreiber, C. S., Ramil, L. N., Bieligk, J., Meineke, R., Rimmelzwaan, G. F., Käufer, C., & Richter, F. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.05.021 · Cited by 15
Neuroimaging Patterns in Patients with COVID-19-Associated Neurological Complications
Garg, R. K., Paliwal, V. K., Malhotra, H. S., & Sharma, P. K. (2021) · Neurology India · doi:10.4103/0028-3886.314531 · Cited by 14
Ergenç, H., Ergenç, Z., ̆an, M. D., Usanmaz, M., & Gözdaş, H. T. (2021) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20210679 · Cited by 14
Shi, Y., Liu, W., Yang, Y., Ci, Y., & Shi, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054839 · Cited by 13
COVID-19 and neurological disorders: what might connect Parkinson’s disease to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Iacono, S., Schirò, G., Davì, C., Mastrilli, S., Abbott, M., Guajana, F., Arnao, V., Aridon, P., Ragonese, P., Gagliardo, C., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1172416 · Cited by 14
“Moreover, studies from autopsies conducted on the brains of patients who died from COVID-19 have rarely shown a presence of the virus in the cerebral parenchyma (117) and some authors did not find presence of SARS-CoV-2 both at genomic and antigenic levels in the brain (118).”
BackgroundHeadache in COVID-19 and Long COVID: to Know Facts for Clinical Practice
Gómez‐Dabó, L., Melgarejo, L., Caronna, E., & Pozo‐Rosich, P. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01296-w · Cited by 14
Vasile, M.-C., Vasile, C. I., Arbune, A.-A., Nechifor, A., & Arbune, M. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s432969 · Cited by 14
Common Data Elements for COVID-19 Neuroimaging: A GCS-NeuroCOVID Proposal
GCS-NeuroCOVID, Edlow, B. L., Boly, M., Chou, S., Fischer, D. B., Kondziella, D., Li, L. M., Donald, C. L. M., McNett, M., Newcombe, V., et al. (2021) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-021-01192-6 · Cited by 14
Walker, J. M., Gilbert, A., Bieniek, K. F., & Richardson, T. E. (2021) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlab036 · Cited by 15
“While previous studies have reported neuropathology findings in patients with neurologic symptoms ranging from a complete lack of histologic findings other than hypoxic-ischemic changes (13) to ADEM (2), it remains unclear whether even the most severe pathology is due to the presence of the virus in the brain itself,…”
ResultCosta, K. C. M., Brigante, T. A. V., Fernandes, G. G., Scomparin, D. S., Scarante, F. F., de Oliveira, D. P., & Campos, A. C. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0027-21.2021 · Cited by 15
Walitt, B. T., & Johnson, T. P. (2022) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001051 · Cited by 14
“Other postmortem series have also described hypoxic changes and vascular damage in the CNS [77] and these concur with MRI studies demonstrating that patients with neurologic symptoms have imaging results consistent with infarcts, hemorrhage, or global hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy [78].”
BackgroundPutative role of mitochondria in SARS-CoV-2 mediated brain dysfunctions: a prospect
Maurya, S. K., Baghel, M. S., Gaurav, G., Chaudhary, V., Kaushik, A. K., & Gautam, A. (2022) · Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews · doi:10.1080/02648725.2022.2108998 · Cited by 14
“Therefore, whether SARS-CoV-2 enters the brain after binding with the ACE2 or observed neurological symptoms are just the result of peripheral tissue infection by SARS-CoV-2 is unclear (Solomon et al., 2020).”
The Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework Applied to Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19
Högberg, H. T., Lam, A., Ohayon, E. L., Shahbaz, M. A., Clerbaux, L., Bal‐Price, A., Coecke, S., Concha, R., Bernardi, F., Edrosa, E., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11213411 · Cited by 14
Neurological involvement in the respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 patients
Tan, B., Liu, J., Gui, Y., Wu, S., Suo, J., & Li, Y. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202665 · Cited by 15
“performed an autopsy study on 18 patients in Boston, USA, and found SARS-RNA in the brainstem in 3 of 18 cases [61].”
MethodFreitas, N. L., Deus, J. V. C., Sampaio, K., Gomes, Y. C. P., Torres, R. C., Brandão, C. O., Soares, C., Silva, M. T. T., & Espíndola, O. D. M. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08632-9 · Cited by 13
Covid-19, nervous system pathology, and Parkinson's disease: Bench to bedside
Emmi, A., Boura, I., Raeder, V., Mathew, D., Sulzer, D., Goldman, J. E., & Leta, V. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.006 · Cited by 14
Colzato, L. S., Elmers, J., Beste, C., & Hommel, B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12031198 · Cited by 15
From Emergence to Endemicity: A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19
Naik, R., Avula, S., Palleti, S. K., Gummadi, J., Ramachandran, R., Chandramohan, D., Dhillon, G. S., Gill, A. S., Paiwal, K., Shaik, B. F., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48046 · Cited by 17
Kirk, N. M., Liang, Y., & Ly, H. (2024) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2024.2316438 · Cited by 13
“While neurologic symptoms do occur in COVID-19 patients, neuropathology is more likely due to hypoxic changes or neuroimmune activation rather than direct damage caused by viral infection [91,123].”
BackgroundKikinis, Z., Castañeyra-Perdomo, A., González–Mora, J. L., Rushmore, J., Toppa, P. H., Haggerty, K., Papadimitriou, G., Yogesh Rathi, A., Kubicki, M. R., Kikinis, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337888 · Cited by 13
“Neurohistopathological studies have demonstrated acute hypoxic ischemic injury in the cerebrum and cerebellum in brain tissue of patients who have undergone autopsy (e.g., 44 – 46 ).”
BackgroundNeurological, psychological, psychosocial complications of long-COVID and their management
Narayanan, S. N., Padiyath, S., Chandrababu, K., Raj, L., Baby Chakrapani, P. S., Ninan, G. A., Sivadasan, A., Jacobs, A. R., Li, Y. W., & Bhaskar, A. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07854-5 · Cited by 17
COVID-19: Auswirkungen auf das zentrale und periphere Nervensystem
„CNS-COVID19“, D.-T., Ritschel, N., COVID-19“, „. P. –. N. R. B., Radbruch, H., Herden, C., Schneider, N., Dittmayer, C., Franz, J., Thomas, C., Boos, G. S., et al. (2021) · Der Pathologe · doi:10.1007/s00292-021-00924-x · Cited by 15
“Darüber hinaus zeigen Studien eine reduzierte Anzahl und/oder veränderte Aktivität von Lymphozyten im peripheren Blut der Patienten, vor allem natürliche Killerzellen sowie CD4- und CD8-T-Zellen, die mit der Schwere der Erkrankung korreliert [55].”
BackgroundInfluentialTranscranial Doppler in Acute COVID-19 Infection
Ziai, W., Cho, S., Johansen, M. C., Ergin, B., & Bahouth, M. N. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.032150 · Cited by 13
Akhtar, N., Kamran, S., Al-Jerdi, S., Imam, Y. Z. B., Joseph, S., Morgan, D., Abokersh, M., Uy, R. T., & Shuaib, A. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255185 · Cited by 13
“In addition, the COVID-19 virus may directly damage the cerebral vascular endothelium, making it more thrombogenic [30, 32].”
BackgroundCereda, G., Ciappolino, V., Boscutti, A., Cantù, F., Enrico, P., Oldani, L., Delvecchio, G., & Brambilla, P. (2021) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmab110 · Cited by 14
“In a series of 18 brain autopsies in COVID-19 patients, the only evident neuropathological features were those associated with hypoxic damage, thus supporting the notion of cardiorespiratory failure being the major cause of neurological alterations in such patients (145).”
BackgroundSilva, J. R., Patricio, F., Patricio-Martínez, A., Santos‐López, G., Cedillo, L., Tizabi, Y., & Limón, I. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.867825 · Cited by 14
Association of pediatric COVID‐19 and subarachnoid hemorrhage
Basirjafari, S., Rafiee, M., Shahhosseini, B., Mohammadi, M., Neshin, S. A. S., & Zarei, M. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26434 · Cited by 13
Brain autopsies in fatal COVID-19 and postulated pathophysiology: more puzzling than a Rubik’s cube
Mehta, S. K., Bhandari, S., & Mehta, S. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206967 · Cited by 13
Crook, H., Ramírez, A., Hosseini, A. A., Vavougios, G. D., Lehmann, C., Bruchfeld, J., Schneider, A., d’Avossa, G., Re, V. L., Salmoiraghi, A., et al. (2023) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2022.0058 · Cited by 12
“Olfactory nerve infiltration by SARS-CoV-2 was noticeable among the first neuropathological studies of COVID-19 (Solomon et al, 2020).”
Trajectories of Inflammatory Markers and Post–COVID-19 Cognitive Symptoms
Frontera, J. A., Betensky, R. A., Pirofski, L., Wısnıewskı, T., Yoon, H., & Ortigoza, M. B. (2024) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200227 · Cited by 14
“11,29,30 While we did not detect signi fi cant di ff erences in in fl ammatory markers suggestive of coagulation cascade activation among PASC patients, we did not examine speci fi c markers of blood-brain barrier disruption, and it is possible that serum in fl ammatory markers may not adequately re fl…”
BackgroundНаволокин, Н. А., Adushkina, V., Zlatogorskaya, D., Telnova, V., Evsukova, A., Vodovozova, E. L., Anna, E., Dosadina, E. E., Diduk, S., & Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, O. V. (2024) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph17060788 · Cited by 13
“COVID-19 as a respiratory diseases causes hypoxic changes to which the brain is highly sensitive [93–96].”
BackgroundAcute and late neurological complications of COVID19: the quest for evidence
Xiong, W., Kwan, P., Zhou, D., Felice, A. D., Duncan, J. S., & Sander, J. W. A. S. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa294 · Cited by 13
Catch me if you can: SARS-CoV-2 detection in brains of deceased patients with COVID-19
Frank, S. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30371-9 · Cited by 13
de Lorenzo, A., Revilla, Á., Corbalán, T., Villar, A., Espinel, L., Martins, J., & Cubas, A. (2020) · CEN Case Reports · doi:10.1007/s13730-020-00553-y · Cited by 12
“have published neuropathological autopsy findings in COVID-19 patients, even though none of their 18 individuals developed a stroke [26].”
ResultNeuro‐COVID frequency and short‐term outcome in the Northern Portuguese population
Oliveira, V., Seabra, M., Rodrigues, R., Carvalho, V., Mendes, M., Pereira, D., Caldeiras, C., Martins, B., Silva, R., Azevedo, A., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14874 · Cited by 12
COVID-19 Post-Infectious Encephalitis Presenting With Delirium as an Initial Manifestation
Hara, M., Kouda, K., Mizoguchi, T., Yokota, Y., Hayashi, K., Gon, Y., & Nakajima, H. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports · doi:10.1177/23247096211029787 · Cited by 12
Bellinger, L., Ouellette, N. H., & Robertson, J. (2021) · Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups · doi:10.1044/2021_persp-21-00024 · Cited by 12
A Peek into Pandora’s Box: COVID-19 and Neurodegeneration
Chandra, A., & Johri, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020190 · Cited by 14
Smith, C. J., Renshaw, P. F., Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., & Sheth, C. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.772335 · Cited by 12
Nervous system manifestations related to COVID-19 and their possible mechanisms
Xie, Z., Hui, H., Zhao, Z., Yu, W., Wu, R., Zhu, Y., Song, Y., Cao, B., Shi, W., Zhao, D., et al. (2022) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.014 · Cited by 13
“Focal soft meningitis can also be seen (Solomon et al., 2020a).”
BackgroundInfluentialNeuroinvasion and neurotropism by SARS-CoV-2 variants in the K18-hACE2 mousePreprint
Seehusen, F., Clark, J. J., Sharma, P., Bentley, E. G., Kirby, A., Subramaniam, K. S., Wunderlin, S., Hughes, G. L., Patterson, E. I., Michael, B. D., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.04.16.440173 · Cited by 12
Digital Health/e-Health Literacy among University Students in the COVID-19 Era: A Systematic Review
Fallahi, M. S., Faridzadeh, A., Salahi, M., Mehrabani, R., Karimi, H., Faraji, A. R., Imanparvar, S., Falahatian, M., Bayat, M., Norouzkhani, N., et al. (2024) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/23821205241262590 · Cited by 16
Sharma, S. K. (2021) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.1177/09727531211009420 · Cited by 12
Linking COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease: Targeting the role of Vitamin-D
Behl, T., Kumar, S., Sehgal, A., Singh, S., Sharma, N., Chirgurupati, S., Aldubayan, M. A., Alhowail, A. H., Bhatia, S., & BUNGAU, S. G. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.10.042 · Cited by 11
Central Nervous System Effects of COVID-19 in People with HIV Infection
Peluso, M. J., Hellmuth, J. M., & Chow, F. C. (2021) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-021-00582-x · Cited by 11
Pathologic and Neuropathologic Study of a Case of COVID-19
Mizutani, M., Nakayama, Y., Saitoh, Y., Ariga, H., Enokida, T., Ishihara, T., Sano, T., Hirata, Y., Katano, H., Suzuki, T., et al. (2022) · JMA Journal · doi:10.31662/jmaj.2021-0178 · Cited by 11
“However, most autopsy studies have been conducted in western countries (1), (2), (3), ((4)).”
BackgroundSaleh, M. A. A., Hirasawa, M., Sun, M., Gülave, B., Elassaiss‐Schaap, J., & de Lange, E. C. M. (2022) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106345 · Cited by 11
Karimi, H., Sarmadian, R., Gilani, A., Salajegheh, P., Biglari, H. N., & Gholizadeh, M. (2022) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/s13256-022-03672-5 · Cited by 11
Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein Markers Indicate Neuro-Damage in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Nonhuman Primates
Maity, S., Mayer, M. G., Shu, Q., Hellmers, L., Bao, D., Blair, R. V., He, Y., Lyon, C. J., Hu, Y., Fischer, T., et al. (2023) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100523 · Cited by 11
“These findings are in line with previous studies that have shown neuroinflammation in autopsied studies of patients who died of COVID-19 (51, 52).”
Neck, S. D., Penrice-Randal, R., Clark, J. J., Sharma, P., Bentley, E. G., Kirby, A., Mega, D. F., Han, X., Owen, A., Hiscox, J. A., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15081637 · Cited by 11
Cognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors
Пизова, Н. В., Pizov, N. A., & Pizov, A. V. (2021) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2021-4-69-77 · Cited by 14
Mitigating Long-Term COVID-19 Consequences on Brain Health
D’Arcy, R. C. N., Sandhu, J. K., Marshall, S., & Besemann, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.630986 · Cited by 12
“Further testing of brain tissue using molecular and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of low levels of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) or nucleocapsid proteins (9).”
MethodMorowitz, J. M., Pogson, K., Roque, D., & Church, F. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12050536 · Cited by 11
Cárdenas, G., Chávez‐Canales, M., Espinosa-García, A. M., Jordán‐Ríos, A., Malagon, D. A., Murillo, M. F. M., Torres-Araujo, L. V., Barajas‐Campos, R. L., Wong‐Chew, R. M., González, L. E. R., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06075-5 · Cited by 11
Functional disorders as a common motor manifestation of COVID ‐19 infection or vaccination
Fung, W. K. W., Sa’di, Q., Katzberg, H. D., Chen, R. E., Lang, A. E., Cheung, A. M., & Fasano, A. A. (2022) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15630 · Cited by 11
Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric syndromes and COVID-19 – Authors' reply
Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P. K., Fusar‐Poli, P., Zandi, M. S., Lewis, G., & David, A. S. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30304-7 · Cited by 11
Bengsch, B., Schwabenland, M., Salié, H., Tanevski, J., Killmer, S., Matschke, J., Püschel, K., Mei, H. E., Boettler, T., Neumann‐Haefelin, C., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-63687/v1 · Cited by 9
Nervous system‐related tropism of SARS‐CoV‐2 and autoimmunity in COVID‐19 infection
Weissert, R. (2023) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.202250230 · Cited by 11
“Mainly during the initial emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 due to lack of disease understanding and lack of adequate intensive care respiratory support, reduced oxygenation caused by SARS-CoV-2-induced pneumonia in COVID-19 resulted in severe hypoxia of CNS [31].”
BackgroundLong COVID: From olfactory dysfunctions to viral Parkinsonism
Pandey, S., Bapat, V., Abraham, J. N., & Abraham, N. M. (2024) · World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1002/wjo2.175 · Cited by 10
Hsu, J. C., Saenkham, P., Huang, P., Octaviani, C. P., Drelich, A. K., Peng, B., & Tseng, C.-T. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1455462 · Cited by 10
“…psychosis, memory loss (amnesia), and attention deficits (Baig and Sanders, 2020; Bauer et al., 2022; DosSantos et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Solomon et al., 2020; Solomon, 2021; Song et al., 2021; Arbour et al., 2000; Desforges et al., 2014); with the plethora of neurological symptoms, it…”
BackgroundDonadio, V. A., Incensi, A., Furia, A., Parisini, S., Colaci, F., Giannoccaro, M. P., Morelli, L., Ricciardiello, F., Stasi, V. D., Maria, A. D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16538 · Cited by 11
Reemerging Infectious Diseases and Neuroimmunologic Complications
Nath, A., & Kolson, D. L. (2024) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200356 · Cited by 10
Unraveling the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein long-term effect on neuro-PASC
Menezes, F., Palmeira, J. D. F., Oliveira, J. D. S., Argañaraz, G. A., Soares, C. R. J., Nóbrega, O. D. T., Ribeiro, B. M., & Argañaraz, E. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2024.1481963 · Cited by 10
Isolated Abducens Nerve Palsy in a Patient With COVID-19
Manolopoulos, A., Katsoulas, G., Kintos, V., Koutsokera, M., Lykou, C., Lapaki, K.-M., & Acquaviva, P. T. (2021) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0000000000000382 · Cited by 11
Modeling infectious diseases of the central nervous system with human brain organoids
Priyathilaka, T. T., Laaker, C. J., Herbáth, M., Fábry, Z., & Sándor, M. (2022) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.013 · Cited by 11
Smell deficits in COVID-19 and possible links with Parkinson's disease
Emmi, A., Sandre, M., Porzionato, A., & Antonini, A. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.08.001 · Cited by 9
Neuroimaging mimics of anoxic brain injury: A review
Mason-Sharma, A., Birnhak, A., Sanborn, E., Bhana, N. B., Kazmi, K. S., Thon, J. M., Thon, O. R., & Siegler, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Neuroimaging · doi:10.1111/jon.13106 · Cited by 10
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of central nervous system alteration in COVID-19
Alexeeva, N. Т., Соколов, Д. А., Nikityuk, D. B., Клочкова, С. В., & Kvaratskheliya, A. G. (2020) · Journal of Anatomy and Histopathology · doi:10.18499/2225-7357-2020-9-3-72-85 · Cited by 10
In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Models for Neuroinfectious Diseases: A Narrative Review
Badawi, A. H. J., Mohamad, N. A., Stanslas, J., Kirby, B. P., Neela, V. K., Ramasamy, R., & Basri, H. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x22666231207114346 · Cited by 13
“Human BMVECs have also been shown to express the ACE2 and NRP1 receptors [218, 220], making them possible targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection [220].”
BackgroundBarros‐Aragão, F. G. Q., Pinto, T. P., Carregari, V. C., Braga, N., Pinheiro, T., Reis‐de‐Oliveira, G., Queiroz, D. C., Fonseca, P. L. C., Gonçalves, A. L., Cabral‐Castro, M. J., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100805 · Cited by 9
Would Repurposing Minocycline Alleviate Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19?
Oliveira, A. C. D. S., Richards, E. M., Karas, M. M., Pepine, C. J., & Raizada, M. K. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.577780 · Cited by 9
Towards Understanding COVID-19: Molecular Insights, Co-infections, Associated Disorders, and Aging
Paley, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-210010 · Cited by 9
“[86] reported that neurologic symptoms, including headache, altered mental status, and anosmia, occur in many patients with COVID-19.”
BackgroundMalik, P., Patel, K., Akrmah, M., Donthi, D., Patel, U. K., Khader, S. N., & Asiry, S. (2021) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-021-01029-5 · Cited by 9
“They also noticed out-of-proportion vascular congestion which was occasionally accompanied by acute parenchymal microhemorrhages, especially within the necrotic area of infarction, suggestive of vascular damage and reperfusion injury Buja et al., USA [12] 3 64, 32, and 48 M Obesity, HTN, heart failure, DM2 Lung, heart…”
BackgroundInfluentialPost-COVID-19 Cognitive Decline and Apoe Polymorphism: Towards a Possible Link?
Tavares-Júnior, J. W. L., Oliveira, D. N., da Silva, J. B. S., Feitosa, W. L. Q., Sousa, A. V. M., Marinho, S. C., Cunha, L. C. V., Gaspar, S. D. B., Gomes, C. M. P., de Oliveira, L. L. B., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13121611 · Cited by 10
“Several hypotheses regarding the genesis of cognitive symptoms after COVID-19 have been formulated, including ischemic brain changes, endothelial injury, and inflammatory reactions [18,19].”
BackgroundViruses as ‘Truffle Hounds’: Molecular Tools for Untangling Brain Cellular Pathology
Müller‐Schiffmann, A., Trossbach, S. V., Lingappa, V. R., & Korth, C. (2020) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2020.11.004 · Cited by 8
Aging and Microglial Response following Systemic Stimulation with Escherichia coli in Mice
Hoogland, I. C. M., Westhoff, D., Engelen-Lee, J.-Y., Serón, M. V., Houben-Weerts, J. H. P. M., van Westerloo, D. J., van der Poll, T., van Gool, W. A., & van de Beek, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10020279 · Cited by 9
Fragiel, M., Miró, Ò., Llorens, P., Jiménez, S., Piñera, P., Putze, G. B., Martı́n, A., Martín‐Sánchez, F. J., Lamberechts, E. J. G., Jacob, J., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-021-04206-5 · Cited by 9
“One report showed that SARS-CoV genome sequences were detected by RT-PCR in brains of all SARS autopsies [26].”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and its Cardiac and Neurological Complications among Ontario Visible Minorities
Chu, J. Y., Kaliwal, Y., Koh, M., Chen, R. E., Chow, C.-M., Ko, D. T., Liu, P. P., & Moe, G. W. P. L. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2021.148 · Cited by 9
Long-term neuroimaging follow-up of COVID-19-related leukoencephalopathy
Lang, M., Chang, Y.-S., Mehan, W. A., Rincon, S., & Buch, K. A. (2021) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-021-02829-1 · Cited by 9
Mechanisms of Entry Into the Central Nervous System by Neuroinvasive Pathogens
Valizadeh, N., Rudmann, E. A., Solomon, I. H., & Mukerji, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000001455 · Cited by 9
“SARS-CoV-2 RNA appears in the olfactory bulb and adjacent frontal lobe in some reports (40,89); however, the significance of this finding remains unclear and the cell types harboring viral RNA are not known.”
BackgroundGentile, F., Bocci, T., Coppola, S., Pozzi, T., Modafferi, L., Priori, A., & Chiumello, D. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10030729 · Cited by 9
Correlation Between Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Olfactory Dysfunction
Mao, Y., Ye, B., Cui, F., Wu, J., Wang, B., Shen, Y., Shi, Z., & Xiang, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.843850 · Cited by 9
Neuropathology associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Egervari, K. L., Thomas, C., Lobrinus, J. A., Kuhlmann, T., Brück, W., Love, S., Crary, J. F., Stadelmann, C., Paulus, W., & Merkler, D. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00095-7 · Cited by 9
Cui, H. Y., Sun, F., Yu, N., Cao, Y., Wang, X. B., Zhang, D., Zhen, C., Wang, N., Yuan, B., Liu, P., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.111027 · Cited by 8
Colinet, M., Chiver, I., Bonafina, A., Masset, G., Almansa, D., Valentin, E. D., Twizere, J., Nguyen, L., & Espuny-Camacho, I. (2025) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1093/stmcls/sxaf010 · Cited by 10
Chung, J., Pierce, J., Franklin, C. L., Olson, R. M., Morrison, A., & Amos-Landgraf, J. M. (2025) · Disease Models & Mechanisms · doi:10.1242/dmm.052086 · Cited by 9
Crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Neurological Disorders: A Review
Azhar, A., Wali, M. A., Rashid, Q., Khan, W. H., Alhosaini, K. A., Owais, M., & Kamal, M. A. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527321666220418114009 · Cited by 8
Hsu, P.-C., & Shahed-Al-Mahmud, M. (2022) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120981 · Cited by 9
“It further damages the vital part of the brain responsible for brain function, including the neocortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum [90].”
Madden, N., Mei, Y. Z., Jakubiak, K. A., Li, J., Hargus, G., Goldman, J. E., & Al‐Dalahmah, O. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1198219 · Cited by 8
“We and several other groups have conducted neuropathologic studies to determine the neuropathologic features of COVID-19 in the brain (al-Dalahmah et al., 2020a; Deigendesch et al., 2020; Matschke et al., 2020; Solomon et al., 2020; Colombo et al., 2021; Fabbri et al., 2021; Thakur et al., 2021; Wierzba-Bobrowicz et a…”
BackgroundResultSARS-CoV-2 amyloid, is COVID-19-exacerbated dementia an amyloid disorder in the making?
Milton, N. G. N. (2023) · Frontiers in Dementia · doi:10.3389/frdem.2023.1233340 · Cited by 8
Duve, K. V., Petakh, P., & Kamyshnyi, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1406874 · Cited by 11
“Notably, postmortem examinations of COVID-19 patients have consistently revealed acute hypoxic damage to both the cerebrum and cerebellum in the absence of evidence suggesting direct brain invasion or encephalitis (Solomon et al., 2020).”
BackgroundChampion, S. N., Williams, I. M., Martinez‐Lage, M., & Stagner, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/wno.0000000000001275 · Cited by 8
“Other studies have also shown a minimal inflammatory T-cell response with microglial activation and occasional microglial nodules, but no overt encephalitis or vasculitis (49,53,55,59,60).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Solomon, I. H., Normandin, E., Bhattacharyya, S., Mukerji, S. S., Keller, K., Ali, A. S., Adams, G., Hornick, J. L., Padera, R. F., & Sabeti, P.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Solomon, Isaac H.
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-09-03
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 989-992
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC7304421
- OpenAlex
- W3035063822
- Cited by
- 815
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 267 · 2020: 143
- FWCI
- 75.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH115812)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI110818)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, neuropathology, brain autopsy, encephalopathy
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Autopsy, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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