Cited by 822Long-Term Effects of COVID-19Infectious Encephalopathies and EncephalitisCOVID-19 Clinical Research Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Neuropathological Features of Covid-19

Open access

Solomon, Isaac H., Normandin, Erica, Bhattacharyya, Shamik, Mukerji, Shibani S., Keller, Kiana, Ali, Ahya S., Adams, Gordon, Hornick, Jason L., Padera, Robert F., Sabeti, Pardis·2020·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmc2019373PMC PMC7304421

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Brain Autopsy Series in Patients with Covid-19 Eighteen brains of patients who died 0 to 32 days after the onset of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection showed hypoxic–ischemic changes but no encephali...

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejmc2019373

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China
Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., et al. (2020) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 · Cited by 7,166
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study
Lechien, J. R., Chiesa-Estomba, C. M., De Siati, D. R., Horoi, M., Le Bon, S. D., Rodriguez, A., Dequanter, D., Blecic, S., El Afia, F., Distinguin, L., et al. (2020) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-020-05965-1 · Cited by 2,668
Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study
Giacomelli, A., Pezzati, L., Conti, F., Bernacchia, D., Siano, M., Oreni, L., Rusconi, S., Gervasoni, C., Ridolfo, A. L., Rizzardini, G., et al. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa330 · Cited by 1,326

Show all 3 references

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 822

Longitudinal evaluation of neurologic‐post acute sequelae SARS‐CoV ‐2 infection symptoms
Shanley, J. E., Valenciano, A., Timmons, G. M., Miner, A. E., Kakarla, V., Rempe, T., Yang, J. H., Gooding, A. L., Norman, M. A., Banks, S. J., et al. (2022) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.51578 · Cited by 47
Evolution of nasal and olfactory infection characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Chen, M., Pekosz, A. S., Villano, J., Shen, W., Zhou, R., Kulaga, H. M., Li, Z., Smith, A. K., Gurung, A., Beck, S. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci174439 · Cited by 52
“Earlier studies have shown SARS-CoV-2 RNA or viral antigen in postmortem brain tissue samples (33, 34), and rare infection observed in olfactory neurons in autopsy tissue hints toward transmucosal invasion (35).”
Is Microthrombosis the Main Pathology in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity?—A Systematic Review of the Postmortem Pathologic Findings
Fahmy, O. H., Daas, F., Salunkhe, V., Petrey, J., Cosar, E. F., Ramírez, J. A., & Akça, O. (2021) · Critical Care Explorations · doi:10.1097/cce.0000000000000427 · Cited by 45
“Solomon et al (41) June 12, 2020 Autopsy series 18 77.”
Background
SARS-CoV-2 Brain Regional Detection, Histopathology, Gene Expression, and Immunomodulatory Changes in Decedents with COVID-19
Serrano, G. E., Walker, J. E., Tremblay, C., Piras, I. S., Huentelman, M. J., Belden, C. M., Goldfarb, D., Shprecher, D., Atri, A., Adler, C. H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlac056 · Cited by 45
Electroencephalographic findings in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review
Roberto, K., Espiritu, A. I., Fernandez, M. L. L., & Casanova-Gutierrez, J. (2020) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.007 · Cited by 44
Encephalopathy in COVID-19 patients; viral, parainfectious, or both?
Umapathi, T., Quek, W. M. J., Yen, J. M., Khin, H. S. W., Mah, Y. Y., Chan, C. Y. J., Ling, L. M., & Yu, W. (2020) · eNeurologicalSci · doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2020.100275 · Cited by 45
“SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR were positive at low levels in only 5 patients [27].”
COVID-19 associated nervous system manifestations
Khatoon, F., Prasad, K., & Kumar, V. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.005 · Cited by 46
More than Pneumonia: Distinctive Features of SARS-Cov-2 Infection. From Autopsy Findings to Clinical Implications: A Systematic Review
D’Errico, S., Zanon, M., Montanaro, M., Radaelli, D., Sessa, F., Mizio, G. D., Montana, A., Corrao, S., Salerno, M., & Pomara, C. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8111642 · Cited by 42
Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Leads to Inflammatory Activation through NF-κB Non-Canonical Pathway and Mitochondrial Remodeling
Motta, C. S., Motta, C. S., da Rosa, B. G., Marcos, A. C., Alvarez-Rosa, L., Siqueira, M., Moreno-Rodriguez, T., Matos, A. D. R., Caetano, B. C., Martins, J., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15030745 · Cited by 45
Frontal encephalopathy related to hyperinflammation in COVID-19
Cani, I., Barone, V., D’Angelo, R., Pisani, L., Allegri, V., Spinardi, L., Malpassi, P., Fasano, L., Rinaldi, R., Fanti, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10057-5 · Cited by 45
Covid‐19 Infection and Parkinsonism: Is There a Link?
Bouali‐Benazzouz, R., & Benazzouz, A. (2021) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.28680 · Cited by 42
“The neuroinvasive propensity of SARS CoV-2 was also reported when the virus was found in the CSF and/or in the brain tissue of infected patients, providing strong evidence of neurotropism.(66,67) Indeed, while in some Covid-19 patients with encephalitis or demyelinating disease reverse transcription polymerase chain r…”
Background
Proteomics identifies potential immunological drivers of postinfection brain atrophy and cognitive decline
Duggan, M. R., Peng, Z., Sipilä, P. N., Lindbohm, J. V., Chen, J., Lü, Y., Davatzikos, C. A., Erus, G., Hohman, T. J., Andrews, S. J., et al. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00682-4 · Cited by 47
“2f and Extended Data Fig.”
Influential
Tissue-based SARS-CoV-2 detection in fatal COVID-19 infections: Sustained direct viral-induced damage is not necessary to drive disease progression
Jamal, S. M. E., Pujadas, E., Ramos, I., Bryce, C., Grimes, Z., Amanat, F., Tsankova, N. M., Mussa, Z. M., Olson, S., Salem, F. E., et al. (2021) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2021.04.012 · Cited by 42
“Low level viral RNA detection by qPCR align with emerging models of disease progression where SARSCoV-2 RNA is shed into the blood [15,28].”
Neurology and COVID-19
Josephson, S. A., & Kamel, H. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.14254 · Cited by 41
Cerebral Hemodynamics and Intracranial Compliance Impairment in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study
Brasil, S., Taccone, F. S., Wayhs, S. Y., Tomazini, B. M., Annoni, F., FONSECA, S., Bassi, E., Lucena, B., Nogueira, R. D. C., Oliveira, M. D. L., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070874 · Cited by 41
“For those patients undergoing a second assessment (n=29) after a median of 11 (5-31) days, all measured variables were similar between the two time-points.”
Result
The Immunopathological and Histological Landscape of COVID-19-Mediated Lung Injury
Zarrilli, G., Angerilli, V., Businello, G., Sbaraglia, M., Traverso, G., Fortarezza, F., Rizzo, S., Gaspari, M. D., Basso, C., Calabrese, F., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22020974 · Cited by 46
COVID-19 Anosmia: High Prevalence, Plural Neuropathogenic Mechanisms, and Scarce Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2?
Liang, F., & Wang, D. Y. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13112225 · Cited by 43
Organ manifestations of COVID-19: what have we learned so far (not only) from autopsies?
Jonigk, D. D., Werlein, C., Acker, T., Aepfelbacher, M., Amann, K., Baretton, G. B., Barth, P., Bohle, R. M., Büttner, A., Büttner, R., et al. (2022) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/s00428-022-03319-2 · Cited by 44
“When considering the larger neuropathological studies [34, 106, 108, 132, 139], focal cerebral infarctions are seen in approximately 13% of autopsies.”
Background
COVID-19 as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease
Golzari-Sorkheh, M., Weaver, D. F., & Reed, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220800 · Cited by 39
“Furthermore, limited postmortem data from COVID-19 patients have demonstrated the occurrence of hypoxic alterations in the brain [132], as well as vascular and demyelinating pathologies [133, 134].”
Background
Covid19, beyond just the lungs: A review of multisystemic involvement by Covid19
Singh, A., Zaheer, S., Kumar, N., Singla, T., & Ranga, S. (2021) · Pathology - Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.prp.2021.153384 · Cited by 40
Brain autopsies of critically ill COVID-19 patients demonstrate heterogeneous profile of acute vascular injury, inflammation and age-linked chronic brain diseases
Agrawal, S., Farfel, J. M., Arfanakis, K., Al-Harthi, L., Shull, T., Teppen, T. L., Evia, A. M., Patel, M. B., Ely, E. W., Leurgans, S. E., et al. (2022) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-022-01493-7 · Cited by 40
“To date, the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the brain is not consistent across studies, most studies did not confirm presence of virus within the brain [29, 31]while others report very low levels of detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA and viral protein brains [5, 6].”
BackgroundMethod
Can selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have a neuroprotective effect during COVID-19?
da Costa, L. H. A., Santos, B. M., & Branco, L. G. S. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173629 · Cited by 40
Microglia Fighting for Neurological and Mental Health: On the Central Nervous System Frontline of COVID-19 Pandemic
de Andrade, E. G., Šimončičová, E., Carrier, M., Vecchiarelli, H. A., Robert, M.-È., & Tremblay, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.647378 · Cited by 39
“, 2020) post-mortem human brains were shown to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (E and nucleocapsid genes) but negative for immunohistochemical analysis of nucleocapsid (Solomon et al., 2020) and spike (Puelles et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Therapeutic Approaches to the Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19
Graham, E. L., Koralnik, I. J., & Liotta, E. M. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01267-y · Cited by 37
“In fact, the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to invade the brain and infect brain cells remains an area of debate, with studies arriving at divergent conclusions [23, 35, 36, 39, 42, 68].”
BackgroundResult
Studying the neuropsychological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from 35 years of neuroHIV research
Levine, A. J., Sacktor, N. C., & Becker, J. T. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00897-2 · Cited by 39
“Indeed, a case series of eighteen deceased COVID-19 patients aged 53–75 who underwent neuropathological examination revealed only signs of hypoxia in brain tissue (Solomon et al. 2020).”
Background
COVID-19 and Neurological Impairment: Hypothalamic Circuits and Beyond
Mussa, B. M., Srivastava, A., & Verberne, A. J. M. (2021) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v13030498 · Cited by 39
Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children: Emerging Pathophysiologic Insights
Schober, M. E., Pavia, A. T., & Bohnsack, J. F. (2021) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000002774 · Cited by 38
“1E) in brain autopsies from adults who died from COVID-19 even in those without systemic hypoxia or respiratory failure (24, 26).”
Background
Brain hypoxia, neurocognitive impairment, and quality of life in people post-COVID-19
Adingupu, D. D., Soroush, A., Hansen, A., Twomey, R., & Dunn, J. F. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11767-2 · Cited by 46
“Furthermore, histopathological examination of brain specimens obtained from 18 patients who died 0–32 days after the onset of symptoms of COVID-19 showed hypoxia-related injury in the cerebrum and cerebellum, with loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer [46].”
Background
Systemic Response to Infection Induces Long-Term Cognitive Decline: Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress as Therapeutical Targets
Reis, P. A., & Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.742158 · Cited by 40
“Even the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARSCoV-2), showed neurologic symptoms, including headache, altered mental status, and anosmia (Rodriguez et al., 2020; Solomon et al., 2020).”
Background
Postmortem neuropathology in COVID‐19
Younger, D. S. (2020) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12915 · Cited by 37
Replication Kinetics, Cell Tropism, and Associated Immune Responses in SARS-CoV-2- and H5N1 Virus-Infected Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Models
Bauer, L., Lendemeijer, B., Leijten, L. M. E., Embregts, C. W. E., Rockx, B., Kushner, S. A., de Vrij, F. M. S., & van Riel, D. A. J. (2021) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00270-21 · Cited by 34
“SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA, nor virus antigen, could be detected in the CNS (5, 12).”
Background
COVID-19 Is a Multi-Organ Aggressor: Epigenetic and Clinical Marks
Kgatle, M., Lawal, I. O., Mashabela, G. T., Boshomane, T. M. G., Koatale, P. C., Mahasha, P. W., Ndlovu, H., Vorster, M., Rodrigues, H. G., Zeevaart, J. R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.752380 · Cited by 37
Biomedical Perspectives of Acute and Chronic Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19
Stefano, G. B., Büttiker, P., Weissenberger, S., Ptáček, R., Wang, F., Esch, T., Bilfinger, T. V., Raboch, J., & Kream, R. M. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x20666211223130228 · Cited by 38
“Moreover, clear evidences of classic neuropathological signs of viral central nervous system (CNS) infections, including lymphocytic leptomeningitis, microglial nodules, pronounced or frequent perivascular lymphocytic cuffing, focal demyelination or viral inclusions, are not frequently encountered in even severe COVID…”
SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Neuropathogenesis, Deterioration of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Dementia
Radhakrishnan, R. K., & Kandasamy, M. (2022) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/15333175221078418 · Cited by 35
Revealing the mystery of persistent smell loss in long COVID patients
Park, J. W., Wang, X., & Xu, R. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijbs.73485 · Cited by 38
“In addition, histological and neuroimaging analyses showed a high level of OB damage and both CD148 (an inflammatory marker) and viral antigen were detected in the outer layers of the OB isolated from COVID-19 autopsies [33, 80, 86].”
Background
Gut-brain pathogenesis of post-acute COVID-19 neurocognitive symptoms
Plummer, A. M., Matos, Y. L., Lin, H. C., Ryman, S. G., Birg, A., Quinn, D. K., Parada, A. N., & Vakhtin, A. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1232480 · Cited by 39
“Such evidence includes brainstem neurodegeneration and presence of viral RNA in the brainstem, with higher concentrations specifically in the medullar subregion (Matschke et al., 2020; Solomon et al., 2020; von Weyhern et al., 2020).”
Unraveling the Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
Varghese, S. M., Patel, S., Nandan, A., Jose, A., Ghosh, S., Sah, R. K., Menon, B., Athira, K. V., & Chakravarty, S. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5 · Cited by 39
“The virus can invade the body, especially the CNS, through various pathways depending on the expression of ACE2 receptors, thus causing systemic and tissue inflammation [428, 434, 435].”
The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
Barth, R. F., Buja, L. M., & Parwani, A. V. (2020) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/s13000-020-00999-9 · Cited by 36
“[34] have reported that neuropathologic examination of the brains of 18 decedents failed to re-”
Background
Acute encephalopathy is associated with worse outcomes in COVID-19 patients
Shah, V. A., Nalleballe, K., Zaghlouleh, M. E., & Onteddu, S. R. (2020) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100136 · Cited by 36
SARS-CoV-2 Infects Primary Neurons from Human ACE2 Expressing Mice and Upregulates Genes Involved in the Inflammatory and Necroptotic Pathways
Rothan, H. A., Kumari, P., Stone, S., Natekar, J. P., Arora, K., Auroni, T. T., & Kumar, M. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11020257 · Cited by 35
Neurological sequela and disruption of neuron-glia homeostasis in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Savelieff, M. G., Feldman, E. L., & Stino, A. M. (2022) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105715 · Cited by 37
“Another study (n = 18 patients) similarly detected viral RNA in various brain regions in most samples (Solomon et al., 2020).”
Central Nervous System Manifestations of COVID-19: A Critical Review and Proposed Research Agenda
Hewitt, K. C., Marra, D. E., Block, C. K., Cysique, L. A., Drane, D. L., Haddad, M. M., Łojek, E., McDonald, C. R., Reyes, A., Eversole, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000345 · Cited by 36
Characteristics and Comparison of 32 COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Ischemic Strokes and Historical Stroke Patients
Akhtar, N., Abid, F. B., Kamran, S., Singh, R., Imam, Y. Z. B., Al-Jerdi, S., AlMaslamani, M. A. R. S., & Shuaib, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105435 · Cited by 35
“Whereas neuropathological examination reveals diffuse hypoxic injury in severe cases, likely related to the severe hypoxemia, there was no evidence for thrombosis, overt vasculitis or encephalitis in a series of 18 autopsy cases.(5) Despite the lack of overt intracranial thrombosis in the autopsy study(4) there is how…”
Background
Unravelling Pathophysiology of Neurological and Psychiatric Complications of COVID-19 Using Brain Organoids
Ng, J., Sun, A. X., Je, H. S., & Tan, E. (2021) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/10738584211015136 · Cited by 36
Neurologic Manifestations and Complications of COVID-19
Hensley, M. K., Markantone, D. M., & Prescott, H. C. (2021) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042320-010427 · Cited by 35
Postmortem findings in COVID-19 fatalities: A systematic review of current evidence
Menezes, R. G., Rizwan, T., Ali, S. S., Hassan, W., Khetpal, A., Aqil, M., Madadin, M. S., Siddiqi, T. J., & Usman, M. (2021) · Legal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.102001 · Cited by 35
The Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review
Brasso, C., Bellino, S., Blua, C., Bozzatello, P., & Rocca, P. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10040772 · Cited by 39
Does SARS-CoV-2 affect neurodegenerative disorders? TLR2, a potential receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS
Szabo, M. P., Iba, M., Nath, A., Masliah, E., & Kim, C. (2022) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-022-00755-7 · Cited by 37
Study of BBB Dysregulation in Neuropathogenicity Using Integrative Human Model of Blood–Brain Barrier
Gama, C. S. D., & Morin‐Brureau, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.863836 · Cited by 37
Fatal neuroinvasion and SARS-CoV-2 tropism in K18-hACE2 mice is partially independent on hACE2 expressionPreprint
Carossino, M., Montanaro, P., O’Connell, A. K., Kenney, D., Gertje, H. P., Grosz, K. A., Ericsson, M., Huber, B. R., Kurnick, S. A., Subramaniam, S., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.01.13.425144 · Cited by 38
Infection and inflammation: New perspectives on Alzheimer's disease
Whitson, H. E., Colton, C. A., Khoury, J. B. E., Gate, D., Goate, A., Heneka, M. T., Kaddurah‐Daouk, R., Klein, R. S., Shinohara, M. L., Sisodia, S. S., et al. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100462 · Cited by 34
Prenatal cytomegalovirus, rubella, and Zika virus infections associated with developmental disabilities: past, present, and future
Gordon‐Lipkin, E. M., Hoon, A. H., & Pardo, C. A. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14682 · Cited by 38
“Furthermore, neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 appear to be associated with secondary systemic inflammation or hypoxia rather than a neurovirulent effect of the virus.(64,65) At present, SARS-CoV-2 has not been demonstrated to be neurotropic or neurovirulent in adults.”
Background
Identification of Immunohistochemical Reagents for In Situ Protein Expression Analysis of Coronavirus-associated Changes in Human Tissues
Szabolcs, M. J., Sauter, J. L., Frosina, D., Geronimo, J. A., Hernandez, E., Selbs, E., Rapkiewicz, A., Rekhtman, N., Baine, M. K., Jäger, E., et al. (2020) · Applied immunohistochemistry & molecular morphology · doi:10.1097/pai.0000000000000878 · Cited by 35
COVID-19, Neuropathology, and Aging: SARS-CoV-2 Neurological Infection, Mechanism, and Associated Complications
Kalra, R. S., Dhanjal, J. K., Meena, A. S., Kalel, V. C., Dahiya, S., Singh, B., Dewanjee, S., & Kandimalla, R. J. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.662786 · Cited by 36
COVID-19 and Parkinsonism: A Critical Appraisal
Cavallieri, F., Fioravanti, V., Bove, F., Prete, E. D., Meoni, S., Grisanti, S., Zedde, M., Pascarella, R., Moro, E., & Valzania, F. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12070970 · Cited by 37
“The neurotropism of SARS CoV-2 was also reported when the virus was found in the CSF and/or in the brain tissue of infected patients, [73,74].”
Background
Pathological Findings in COVID-19 as a Tool to Define SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis. A Systematic Review
Mondello, C., Roccuzzo, S., Malfa, O., Sapienza, D., Gualniera, P., Spagnolo, E. V., Nunno, N. R. D., Salerno, M., Pomara, C., & Asmundo, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.614586 · Cited by 33
Postmortem brain 7T MRI with minimally invasive pathological correlation in deceased COVID-19 subjects
Martin, M. D. G. M., Paes, V. R., Cardoso, E. F., Neto, C. E. B. P., Kanamura, C. T., Leite, C. D. C., Otaduy, M. C. G., Monteiro, R. A. D. A., Mauad, T., da Silva, L. F. F., et al. (2022) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1186/s13244-021-01144-w · Cited by 33
“Our series corroborates previous neuropathological studies that disclosed hypoxic injury [35], alterations related to the critical multiorgan failure condition of these patients, such as hemorrhagic foci and splenial lesions, as well as SARS-CoV-2 brain invasion, detected by immunohistochemistry and/or RNA detection.”
BackgroundResult
The impact of the self-recognition ability and physical quality on coupled negative information-behavior-epidemic dynamics in multiplex networks
Huo, L., & Yu, Y. (2023) · Chaos Solitons & Fractals · doi:10.1016/j.chaos.2023.113229 · Cited by 33
“In fact, there is a cumulative effect on the individual's immune system in the process of being infected and only when the accumulation reaches a certain level does the infection manifest itself [52 – 55].”
Background
Brain and Lung Imaging Correlation in Patients with COVID-19: Could the Severity of Lung Disease Reflect the Prevalence of Acute Abnormalities on Neuroimaging? A Global Multicenter Observational Study
Mahammedi, A., Ramos, A., Bargalló, N., Gaskill, M. F., Kapur, S., Saba, L., Carrete, H., Sengupta, S., Álvarez, E. S., Hilario, A., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a7072 · Cited by 33
“10,21 Currently, however, we have a poor mechanistic”
Background
Neurological update: COVID-19
Ren, A. L., Digby, R. J., & Needham, E. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10581-y · Cited by 33
Biological and Psychological Factors Determining Neuropsychiatric Outcomes in COVID-19
Tizenberg, B., Brenner, L. A., Lowry, C. A., Okusaga, O. O., Benavides, D. R., Hoisington, A. J., Benros, M. E., Stiller, J. W., Kessler, R. C., & Postolache, T. T. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01275-3 · Cited by 33
Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Pituitary Apoplexy: A Single-Center Case Series and Review of the Literature
Martínez-Pérez, R., Kortz, M. W., Carroll, B. W., Durán, D., Neill, J. S. A., Luzardo, G. D., & Zachariah, M. A. (2021) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.004 · Cited by 33
“Postmortem histologic brain examinations of patients with COVID-19 revealed a propensity for hypoxic brain damage and neuroinflammation.(31,32) These 2 processes together might explain endothelial dysfunction in the hypophyseal vasculature in the occurrence of PA associated with COVID-19 infection.”
Background
COVID-19 Case Fatality and Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhang, Q., Schultz, J. L., Aldridge, G. M., Simmering, J. E., Kim, Y., Ogilvie, A. C., & Narayanan, N. S. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215161 · Cited by 30
“Indeed, SARS-CoV2 can invade the central nervous system [19], and COVID-19 patients frequently have neurological impairments [20], which may be compounded in neurodegenerative conditions like PD and AD.”
Background
What can neuroimmunology teach us about the symptoms of long-COVID?
Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C. M. (2021) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqab004 · Cited by 32
What can cerebrospinal fluid testing and brain autopsies tell us about viral neuroinvasion of SARS‐CoV‐2
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., & Tan, B. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26943 · Cited by 31
Brain cortical alterations in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms
Sanabria-Díaz, G., Etter, M. M., Melie‐García, L., Lieb, J., Psychogios, M., Hütter, G., & Granziera, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.992165 · Cited by 31
“In addition, other possible causes might have contributed to these findings, such as a reduced oxygen supply to the brain (Solomon et al., 2020), post-infectious inflammation, cytokine-related hyperinflammation, and complications due to a coagulopathic state (Koralnik and Tyler, 2020; Pezzini and Padovani, 2020).”
Background
Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Exacerbate Alzheimer’s Disease? An Overview of Shared Risk Factors and Pathogenetic Mechanisms
Villa, C., Rivellini, E., Lavitrano, M., & Combi, R. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12010029 · Cited by 34
SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein triggers depression-like behaviors and dysosmia via TLR2-mediated neuroinflammation in mice
Su, W., Ju, J., Gu, M., Wang, X., Liu, S., Yu, J., & Mu, D.-L. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02786-x · Cited by 33
“The COVID-19 infection can cause a series of neurological symptoms, including attention disorders, sleep disorders, short-term memory loss, seizures, strokes, headaches, dizziness, smell and taste loss, and neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression [1–8].”
Radiographic and clinical neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 related hypoxemia
Radnis, C., Qiu, S., Jhaveri, M. D., da Silva, I. R. F., Szewka, A., & Koffman, L. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117119 · Cited by 31
“A recent autopsy case series found evidence of hypoxic changes in the brain tissue of patients who had succumbed to COVID-19, but there was no report of whether these patients developed ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation if required, whether extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was used, presence or absenc…”
Mouse Models for the Study of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Knight, A. C., Montgomery, S. A., Fletcher, C., & Baxter, V. K. (2021) · Comparative Medicine · doi:10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000031 · Cited by 31
Central nervous system outcomes of COVID-19
Doyle, M. F. (2021) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2021.09.002 · Cited by 33
“Several common brain findings on autopsy from COVID-19 deaths were edema, meningeal congestion, acute hypoxic ischemic damage and multiple large and small infarcts.(9,54,55) The presence of virus in the brain yielded mixed results, with Meinhardt et al(56) finding the highest levels in mucosa sampled from directly und…”
COVID-19: a new emerging respiratory disease from the neurological perspective
El-Sayed, A., Aleya, L., & Kamel, M. S. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-12969-9 · Cited by 30
Neurochemical biomarkers to study CNS effects of COVID‐19: A narrative review and synthesis
Edén, A., Simrén, J., Price, R. W., Zetterberg, H., & Gisslén, M. (2021) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.15459 · Cited by 29
“Samples did not show encephalitis or other changes referable to viral infection (Solomon et al., 2020).”
Background
Viral mapping in COVID-19 deceased in the Augsburg autopsy series of the first wave: A multiorgan and multimethodological approach
Hirschbühl, K., Dintner, S., Beer, M., Wylezich, C., Schlegel, J., Delbridge, C., Borcherding, L., Lippert, J., Schiele, S., Müller, G., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254872 · Cited by 29
“This fact was also proven in another meta-analysis performed by Huang and colleagues [53], which showed that diabetes is associated with severe COVID-19 and developing ARDS.”
Result
Covid-19 interface with drug misuse and substance use disorders
Cisneros, I. E., & Cunningham, K. A. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108766 · Cited by 30
“SARS-CoV2 was detected in human brain (Puelles et al., 2020; Solomon et al., 2020) and cortical neurons in autopsied patients who died of”
SARS-CoV-2 consequences for mental health: Neuroinflammatory pathways linking COVID-19 to anxiety and depression
de Mello, A. J., Moretti, M., & Rodrigues, A. L. S. (2022) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v12.i7.874 · Cited by 32
ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and Neuropilin-1 Receptor Expression on Human Brain Astrocytes and Pericytes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Kinetics
Reza, M. J., Acharya, A., Avedissian, S. N., Byrareddy, S. N., Fletcher, C. V., Podany, A. T., & Dyavar, S. R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24108622 · Cited by 30
Altered intrinsic brain activity and functional connectivity in COVID-19 hospitalized patients at 6-month follow-up
Li, R., Liu, G., Zhang, X., Zhang, M., Lu, J., & Li, H. (2023) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08331-8 · Cited by 30
“Neuropathologic characteristics of autopsied COVID-19 also exhibited various hypoxia damage in the brain, such as the enlargement of the perivascular space with abundant cells, and there were no specific signs of meningitis or encephalitis [35, 36].”
Background
The unfolding palette of COVID-19 multisystemic syndrome and its neurological manifestations
Barrantes, F. J. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100251 · Cited by 29
“Anatomopathological examination of 18 post-mortem brains showed only hypoxic lesions and no signs of encephalitis or other changes referable to the virus (Solomon et al., 2020).”
Lung Organoids as Model to Study SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Peng, L., Gao, L., Wu, X., Fan, Y., Liu, M., Chen, J., Song, J., Kong, J., Dong, Y., Li, B., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11172758 · Cited by 29
Post Acute Coronavirus (COVID-19) Syndrome
Chippa, V. M., Aleem, A., & Anjum, F. (2021) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 29
COVID-19 and Vaccination in the Setting of Neurologic Disease
Marsh, E. B., Kornberg, M. D., Kessler, K., Haq, I. U., Patel, A. D., Nath, A., Schierman, B., & Jones, L. K. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012578 · Cited by 29
“Other studies have not been able to detect viral RNA or protein in the brain.(11,15) Based on rodent studies with other coronaviruses, researchers have speculated that the virus might be able to enter the CNS via retrograde dissemination.”
Background
SARS‐CoV‐2 cellular tropism and direct multiorgan failure in COVID‐19 patients: Bioinformatic predictions, experimental observations, and open questions
Valyaeva, A. A., Zharikova, A. A., & Sheval, E. V. (2022) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.11928 · Cited by 30
“In the case of autopsies, SARS‐CoV‐ 2 was detected in cortical neurons, and, remarkably, all the regions of positive viral staining showed no lymphocyte or leukocyte infiltration (E. Song et al., 2021).”
BackgroundMethod
Parallel electrophysiological abnormalities due to COVID‐19 infection and to Alzheimer's disease and related dementia
Jiang, Y., Neal, J., Sompol, P. M., Yener, G., Arakaki, X., Norris, C. M., Farina, F. R., Ibáñez, A. M., Lopez, S., Al‐Ezzi, A. A. A., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.14089 · Cited by 25
“Fatigue, which is frequent in older adults and ADRD patients, is one of the most consistently reported symptoms of COVID-19, both initially and after infection.”
Influential
New insights into the neurological effects of COVID-19
Wood, H. B. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/s41582-020-0386-7 · Cited by 27
The potential role of microvascular pathology in the neurological manifestations of coronavirus infection
MacLean, M. A., Kamintsky, L., Leck, E., & Friedman, A. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00216-1 · Cited by 27
“diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease), all of whom presented with encephalopathy [34].”
Background
Pituitary Apoplexy Attributed to COVID-19 Infection in the Absence of an Underlying Macroadenoma or Other Identifiable Cause
Bordes, S. J., Phang-Lyn, S., Nájera, E., Borghei-Razavi, H., & Adada, B. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.13315 · Cited by 27
“Histopathological examinations of brain specimens of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 have shown acute hypoxic injury, with loss of neurons in the absence of thrombi or vasculitis [3].”
Background
A review of ischemic stroke in COVID-19: currently known pathophysiological mechanisms
Tang, X., & Zheng, F. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05679-0 · Cited by 28
Prolonged Unconsciousness is Common in COVID‐19 and Associated with Hypoxemia
Waldrop, G. E., Safavynia, S. A., Barra, M. E., Agarwal, S., Berlin, D., Boehme, A. K., Brodie, D., Choi, J., Doyle, K. W., Fins, J. J., et al. (2022) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26342 · Cited by 29
“67 Death before recovery of consciousness 12 (18) 178 (24) 0.”
Background
Pathological Features and Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in the Brain and Potential Therapeutic Approaches
Sodagar, A., Javed, R., Tahir, H., Razak, S. I. A., Shakir, M., Naeem, M., Yusof, A. H. A., Sagadevan, S., Hazafa, A., Uddin, J., et al. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12070971 · Cited by 27
Mechanisms, Effects, and Management of Neurological Complications of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (NC-PASC)
Ong, I. Z., Kolson, D. L., & Schindler, M. K. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020377 · Cited by 27
Overview of the potential use of fluvoxamine for COVID-19 and long COVID
Hashimoto, K. (2023) · Discover Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s44192-023-00036-3 · Cited by 25
Longitudinal positron emission tomography and postmortem analysis reveals widespread neuroinflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infected rhesus macaques
Nieuwland, J. M., Nutma, E., Philippens, I. H. C. H. M., Böszörményi, K. P., Remarque, E. J., Bakker, J., Meijer, L., Woerdman, N., Fagrouch, Z. C., Verstrepen, B. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02857-z · Cited by 31
“Of particular interest is the neuroinflammatory response, which has been observed in people after a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as after severe COVID-19 even while there is no, or minimal, virus detected in the CNS postmortem [13, 46].”
Background
Neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 with neuroradiological and neuropathological findings: is the brain a target or a victim?
Franca, R. A., Ugga, L., Guadagno, E., Russo, D., & De, M. D. B. (2020) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.13092 · Cited by 26
“(27) but in this case the data related to the identification of the virus are negative and/or not straight, the microscopic described lesions are”
BackgroundMethod
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a Pediatric COVID-19 Patient
Korkmazer, B., Özoğul, M., Hikmat, E., Kilic, H., Aygün, F., Arslan, S., Kızılkılıç, O., & Koçer, N. (2021) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/inf.0000000000003130 · Cited by 26
Neuro-COVID-19: an insidious virus in action
Bratosiewicz‐Wąsik, J. (2021) · Neurologia i Neurochirurgia Polska · doi:10.5603/pjnns.a2021.0072 · Cited by 27
“Brain post mortems of COVID-19 patients have revealed neuronal damage in the areas highly vulnerable to hypoxia such as the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum [46, 65, 66].”
Background
Acute Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 Patients From Three Tertiary Care Hospitals in Qatar
Ali, L., Muhammad, A., Khan, A., Mohammed, I., Janjua, I., Zada, Y., Sharif, M. H., Naeem, M., Iqrar, A., & Haroon, K. H. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.23150 · Cited by 26
“Neurologic complications in COVID-19 patients may be due to multifactorial mechanisms that may arise from direct as well systemic responses to the virus [10].”
Background
COVID-19 and the Brain: The Neuropathological Italian Experience on 33 Adult Autopsies
Fabbri, V. P., Riefolo, M., Lazzarotto, T., Gabrielli, L., Cenacchi, G., Gallo, C., Aspide, R., Frascaroli, G., Liguori, R., Lodi, R., et al. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12050629 · Cited by 26
SARS-Cov-2 infection and neuropathological findings: a report of 18 cases and review of the literature
Lebrun, L., Absil, L., Remmelink, M., Mendonça, R. D., D’Haene, N., Gaspard, N., Rusu, Ș., Racu, M.-L., Collin, A. M., Allard, J., et al. (2023) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-023-01566-1 · Cited by 27
“, who concluded that no specific changes associated with SARS-CoV-2 were reported [47].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Accumulation in the Skull-Meninges-Brain Axis: Potential Implications for Long-Term Neurological Complications in post-COVID-19Preprint
Rong, Z., Mai, H., Kapoor, S., Puelles, V. G., Czogalla, J., Schädler, J., Vering, J., Delbridge, C., Steinke, H., Frenzel, H., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.04.04.535604 · Cited by 26

Authors: Solomon, I. H., Normandin, E., Bhattacharyya, S., Mukerji, S. S., Keller, K., Ali, A. S., Adams, G., Hornick, J. L., Padera, R. F., & Sabeti, P.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Broad Institute (US)
Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
Corresponding author: Solomon, Isaac H.
ORCID: Solomon, Isaac H.
Normandin, Erica
Bhattacharyya, Shamik
Mukerji, Shibani S.
Adams, Gordon
Hornick, Jason L.
Padera, Robert F.
Sabeti, Pardis
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2020-09-03
Volume: 383
Issue: 10
Pages: 989-992
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmc2019373
PMC: PMC7304421
OpenAlex: W3035063822
Cited by: 815
References: 3
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 119 · 2022: 164 · 2021: 267 · 2020: 143
FWCI: 75.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH115812)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U19AI110818)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, neuropathology, brain autopsy, encephalopathy
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Aged, Autopsy, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Neuropathological Features of Covid-19

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks