Cited by 366Diabetes Treatment and ManagementDiabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Initial Management of Glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nathan, David M.·2002·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmcp021106

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

An asymptomatic 45-year-old Hispanic man has a fasting plasma glucose level of 142 mg per deciliter (7.9 mmol per liter) on initial evaluation and 139 mg per deciliter (7.7 mmol per liter) on reevaluation. Other than a steady gain in weight since college and borderline hypertension, his medical history is unremarkable. He is 175 cm (5 ft 9 in.) tall and weighs 95 kg (209 lb; body-mass index, 31.2), and his blood pressure is 138/88 mm Hg. Physical examination is notable only for abdominal obesity and absent ankle reflexes. How should this patient be treated?

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejmcp021106

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33)
(1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07019-6 · Cited by 20,023
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873
Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study
Stratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059
Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)
(1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07037-8 · Cited by 8,247
Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Subjects with and without Prior Myocardial Infarction
Haffner, S. M., Lehto, S., Rönnemaa, T., Pyörälä, K., & Laakso, M. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199807233390404 · Cited by 7,000
Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38
(1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7160.703 · Cited by 6,683
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183 · Cited by 6,220
Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38
Stearne, M. R., Palmer, S. L., Hammersley, M. S., Franklin, S. L., Spivey, R. S., Lévy, J., Tidy, C. R., Bell, N. J., Steemson, J., Barrow, B. A., et al. (1998) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 4,803
The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure
(1997) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440420033005 · Cited by 3,777
Gemfibrozil for the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Men with Low Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Rubins, H. B., Robins, S. J., Collins, D., Fye, C. L., Anderson, J. W., Elam, M. B., Faas, F. H., Linares, E., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908053410604 · Cited by 3,439
Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study.
Ohkubo, Y., Kishikawa, H., Araki, E., Miyata, T., Isami, S., Motoyoshi, S., Kojima, Y., Furuyoshi, N., & Shichiri, M. (1995) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-k · Cited by 3,079
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Study
Kannel, W. B. (1979) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1979.03290450033020 · Cited by 2,936
Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994
Harris, M. I., Flegal, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Eberhardt, M. S., Goldstein, D. E., Little, R. R., Wiedmeyer, H.-M., & Byrd-Holt, D. D. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.4.518 · Cited by 2,703
Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial
Chiasson, J.-L., Josse, R. G., Gomis, R., Hanefeld, M., Karasik, A., & Laakso, M. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08905-5 · Cited by 2,543
Glycemic Control With Diet, Sulfonylurea, Metformin, or Insulin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<SUBTITLE>Progressive Requirement for Multiple Therapies (UKPDS 49)</SUBTITLE>
Turner, R. C. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.21.2005 · Cited by 2,375
Who Would Have Thought It? An Operation Proves to Be the Most Effective Therapy for Adult-Onset Diabetes Mellitus
Pories, W. J., Swanson, M. S., MacDonald, K. G., Long, S. B., Morris, P. G., Brown, B. M., Barakat, H. A., deRamon, R. A., Israel, G., Dolezal, J. M., et al. (1995) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-199509000-00011 · Cited by 2,293
Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity
Sinha, R., Fisch, G., Teague, B., Tamborlane, W. V., Banyas, B., Allen, K., Savoye, M., Rieger, V., Taksali, S., Barbetta, G., et al. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012578 · Cited by 1,709
The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years
Coutinho, M., Gerstein, H. C., Wang, Y., & Yusuf, S. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.2.233 · Cited by 1,685
Cholesterol Lowering With Simvastatin Improves Prognosis of Diabetic Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
Pyörälä, K., Pedersen, T. R., Kjekshus, J., Faergeman, O., Olsson, A. G., Thorgeirsson, G., & The Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Group (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.614 · Cited by 1,623
Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Nathan, D. M. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199306103282306 · Cited by 1,495
Efficacy of Metformin in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A., & Goodman, A. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199508313330902 · Cited by 1,368
Onset of NIDDM occurs at Least 4–7 yr Before Clinical Diagnosis
Harris, M. I., Klein, R., Welborn, T. A., & Knuiman, M. W. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.7.815 · Cited by 1,306
The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.44.8.968 · Cited by 1,301
Cardiovascular Events and Their Reduction With Pravastatin in Diabetic and Glucose-Intolerant Myocardial Infarction Survivors With Average Cholesterol Levels: Subgroup Analyses in the Cholesterol And Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial
Goldberg, R. B., Mellies, M. J., Sacks, F. M., Moyé, L. A., Howard, B. V., Howard, W. J., Davis, B. R., Cole, T. G., Pfeffer, M. A., & Braunwald, E. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.98.23.2513 · Cited by 986
U.K. prospective diabetes study 16. Overview of 6 years' therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group
(1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.44.11.1249 · Cited by 796
Efficacy and Metabolic Effects of Metformin and Troglitazone in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Inzucchi, S. E., Maggs, D. G., Spollett, G. R., Page, S. L., Rife, F. S., Walton, V., & Shulman, G. I. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199803263381303 · Cited by 794
Management of Dyslipidemia in Adults With Diabetes
Haffner, S. M. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.1.160 · Cited by 786
Biguanides and NIDDM
Bailey, C. J. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.6.755 · Cited by 593
Sulfonylurea Inadequacy
Wright, A. D., Burden, A. C., Paisey, R., Cull, C. A., Holman, R. R., & for the U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2.330 · Cited by 553
Mortality and survival in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
Panzram, G. (1987) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00274216 · Cited by 538
Effect of Metformin and Rosiglitazone Combination Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Fonseca, V. A., Rosenstock, J., Patwardhan, R., & Salzman, A. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.13.1695 · Cited by 538
Treatment of insulin resistance with peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonists
Olefsky, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10843 · Cited by 536
The Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.4.742 · Cited by 493
Basal Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes
Rosenstock, J., Schwartz, S. L., Clark, C. M., Park, G. D., Donley, D. W., & Edwards, M. B. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.631 · Cited by 477
Comparison of Bedtime Insulin Regimens in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Yki-Järvinen, H., Ryysy, L., Nikkilä, K., Tulokas, T., Vanamo, R., & Heikkilä, M. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-5-199903020-00002 · Cited by 433
The Efficacy of Acarbose in the Treatment of Patients with Non–Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Multicenter, Controlled Clinical Trial
Chiasson, J., Josse, R. G., Hunt, J. A., Palmason, C., Rodger, N. W., Ross, S. A., Ryan, E. A., Tan, M. H., & Wolever*, T. M. S. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00004 · Cited by 433
Sulfonylureas in NIDDM
Groop, L. C. (1992) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.15.6.737 · Cited by 408
Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in Type II Diabetes (VA CSDM): Results of the feasibility trial
Abraira, C., Colwell, J. A., Nuttall, F. Q., Sawin, C. T., Nagel, N. J., Comstock, J. P., Emanuele, N. V., Levin, S. R., Henderson, W., Lee, H. S., et al. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.8.1113 · Cited by 355
The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial
(1995) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.44.8.968 · Cited by 330
Effect of Troglitazone in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Schwartz, S. L., Raskin, P., Fonseca, V. A., & Graveline, J. F. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199803263381302 · Cited by 328
The Treatment of Hypertension in Adult Patients With Diabetes
Arauz-Pacheco, C., Parrott, M. A., & Raskin, P. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.1.134 · Cited by 326
Induction of Long-Term Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients by Transient Intensive Insulin Treatment
Ilkova, H., Glaser, B., Tunçkale, A., Bagriaçik, N., & Cerasi, E. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.9.1353 · Cited by 269
The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: how sweet it is … or is it?
Nathan, D. M., Meigs, J. B., & Singer, D. E. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)90021-0 · Cited by 264
Standards of Medical Care for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s33 · Cited by 264
Nateglinide alone and in combination with metformin improves glycemic control by reducing mealtime glucose levels in type 2 diabetes.
Horton, E. S., Clinkingbeard, C., Gatlin, M. R., Foley, J. E., Mallows, S., & Shen, S. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.11.1660 · Cited by 241
Inhaled Human Insulin Treatment in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Cefalu, W. T., Skyler, J. S., KOURIDES, I. A., Landschulz, W. H., Balagtas, C. C., Cheng, S.-L., Gelfand, R., & for the Inhaled Insulin Study Group* (2001) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-3-200102060-00011 · Cited by 199
Implantable insulin pump vs multiple-dose insulin for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial. Department of Veterans Affairs Implantable Insulin Pump Study Group
Saudek, C. D. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.276.16.1322 · Cited by 152
Glycemic Control with Diet, Sulfonylurea, Metformin, or Insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Rc, T., Cull, C. A., Frighi, V., & Holman, R. R. (1999) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/00019616-199911000-00013 · Cited by 112
Maturity onset diabetes mellitus: response to intensive dietary management.
Hadden, D. R., Montgomery, D. A., Skelly, R. J., Trimble, E. R., Weaver, J. A., Wilson, E. A., & Buchanan, K. D. (1975) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5978.276 · Cited by 102
Glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: have changes in therapy made a difference?
Nathan, D. M., McKitrick, C., Larkin, M., Schaffran, R., & Singer, D. E. (1996) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)89453-3 · Cited by 79
Management of Dyslipidemia in Adults With Diabetes
American Diabetes Association (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s74 · Cited by 76
Safety and Efficacy of Normalizing Fasting Glucose With Bedtime NPH Insulin Alone in NIDDM
Cusi, K. J., Cunningham, G. R., & Comstock, J. P. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.843 · Cited by 72
Clinical review 53: The endocrinology of vasoactive peptides: synthesis to function.
Rubin, S. A., & Levin, E. R. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.78.1.8288715 · Cited by 68
Glyburide or Insulin for Metabolic Control in Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study
NATHAN, D. M., ROUSSELL, A., & GODINE, J. E. (1988) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-108-3-334 · Cited by 67
Clinical review 53: The endocrinology of vasoactive peptides: synthesis to function
Rubin, S. A. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.78.1.6 · Cited by 43
The Genetics of Type 2 Diabetes
Lindgren, C. M., & Hirschhorn, J. N. (2001) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/00019616-200105000-00004 · Cited by 21
12 Insulin treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Heine, R. J. (1988) · Baillière s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0950-351x(88)80044-2 · Cited by 9

Research works printed but not linked: 5

1990, Diabetes Res, 13, 1
10.1001/jama.241.19.2035 · DOI · Paper page
1993, N Engl J Med, 329, 978
10.1001/archinte.157.21.2413 · DOI · Paper page
Genuth SM, 1987, Clin Diabetes, 5, 74

Sorted by citations

Medical Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Consensus Algorithm for the Initiation and Adjustment of Therapy
Nathan, D. M., Buse, J. B., Davidson, M. B., Ferrannini, E., Holman, R. R., Sherwin, R., & Zinman, B. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-9025 · Cited by 3,834
Self-citation
Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes — 5-Year Outcomes
Schauer, P. R., Bhatt, D. L., Kirwan, J. P., Wolski, K., Aminian, A., Brethauer, S. A., Navaneethan, S. D., Singh, R. P., Pothier, C. E., Nissen, S. E., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1600869 · Cited by 2,934
Thiazolidinediones
Yki-Järvinen, H. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra041001 · Cited by 1,830
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
DeFronzo, R. A., Ratner, R. E., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., & Baron, A. D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092 · Cited by 1,559
Effects of exenatide (Exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
Buse, J. B., Henry, R. R., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., Baron, A. D., & for the Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628 · Cited by 1,346

See all 366

Authors: Nathan, D. M.
Affiliations: Harvard University (US)
Corresponding author: Nathan, David M.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2002-10-24
Volume: 347
Issue: 17
Pages: 1342-1349
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmcp021106
OpenAlex: W2090609048
Cited by: 359
References: 57
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 14.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, initial management, fasting blood glucose, obesity, borderline hypertension, Hispanic patients, weight gain
MeSH terms: Combined Modality Therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Weight Loss, Practice Guidelines as Topic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Initial Management of Glycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks