Efficacy and Metabolic Effects of Metformin and Troglitazone in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Combination therapy is logical for patients with non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus, because they often have poor responses to single-drug therapy. We studied the efficacy and physiologic effects of metformin and troglitazone alone and in combination in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We randomly assigned 29 patients to receive either metformin or troglitazone for three months, after which they were given both drugs for another three months. Plasma glucose concentrations during fasting and postprandially and glycosylated hemoglobin values were measured periodically during both treatments. Endogenous glucose production and peripheral glucose disposal were measured at base line and after three and six months. RESULTS: During metformin therapy, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations decreased by 20 percent (58 mg per deciliter [3.2 mmol per liter], P<0.001) and 25 percent (87 mg per deciliter [4.8 mmol per liter], P<0.001), respectively. The corresponding decreases during troglitazone therapy were 20 percent (54 mg per deciliter [2.9 mmol per liter], P=0.01) and 25 percent (83 mg per deciliter [4.6 mmol per liter], P<0.001). Endogenous glucose production decreased during metformin therapy by a mean of 19 percent (P=0.001), whereas it was unchanged by troglitazone therapy (P=0.04 for the comparison between groups). The mean rate of glucose disposal increased by 54 percent during troglitazone therapy (P=0.006) and 13 percent during metformin therapy (P= 0.03 for the comparison within the group and between groups). In combination, metformin and troglitazone further lowered fasting and postprandial plasma glucose concentrations by 18 percent (41 mg per deciliter [2.3 mmol per liter], P=0.001) and 21 percent (54 mg per deciliter [3.0 mmol per liter], P<0.001), respectively, and the mean glycosylated hemoglobin value decreased 1.2 percentage points. CONCLUSIONS: Metformin and troglitazone have equal and additive beneficial effects on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin acts primarily by decreasing endogenous glucose production, and troglitazone by increasing the rate of peripheral glucose disposal.
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Thiazolidinedione PPAR-γ agonists are among the most potent insulin-sensitizing drugs available.
“The thiazolidinedione class of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonists are among the most potent insulin-sensitizing drugs available.14”
From Pioglitazone after Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion (page not specified) reports that troglitazone increased insulin-mediated peripheral glucose disposal substantially more than metformin in a small group of patients with type II diabetes. It does not establish that thiazolidinediones as a class are among the most potent insulin-sensitizing drugs available or discuss their PPAR-γ mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Inzucchi, S. E., Maggs, D. G., Spollett, G. R., Page, S. L., Rife, F. S., Walton, V., & Shulman, G. I.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1998-03-26
- Volume
- 338
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 867-873
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2320006945
- Cited by
- 794
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 36.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK049230, R01 DK-49230)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, MO-1 RR00125)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, metformin, troglitazone, combination therapy, glycemic control, plasma glucose, endogenous glucose production, HbA1c, thiazolidinediones, biguanides, insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, drug efficacy, drug interactions
- MeSH terms
- Troglitazone, Administration, Oral, Blood Glucose, Chromans, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Glucose, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Metformin, Middle Aged, Thiazoles, Thiazolidinediones
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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