Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Hypothermia is protective against brain injury after asphyxiation in animal models. However, the safety and effectiveness of hypothermia in term infants with encephalopathy is uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a randomized trial of hypothermia in infants with a gestational age of at least 36 weeks who were admitted to the hospital at or before six hours of age with either severe acidosis or perinatal complications and resuscitation at birth and who had moderate or severe encephalopathy. Infants were randomly assigned to usual care (control group) or whole-body cooling to an esophageal temperature of 33.5 degrees C for 72 hours, followed by slow rewarming (hypothermia group). Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed at 18 to 22 months of age. The primary outcome was a combined end point of death or moderate or severe disability. RESULTS: Of 239 eligible infants, 102 were assigned to the hypothermia group and 106 to the control group. Adverse events were similar in the two groups during the 72 hours of cooling. Primary outcome data were available for 205 infants. Death or moderate or severe disability occurred in 45 of 102 infants (44 percent) in the hypothermia group and 64 of 103 infants (62 percent) in the control group (risk ratio, 0.72; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.95; P=0.01). Twenty-four infants (24 percent) in the hypothermia group and 38 (37 percent) in the control group died (risk ratio, 0.68; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.44 to 1.05; P=0.08). There was no increase in major disability among survivors; the rate of cerebral palsy was 15 of 77 (19 percent) in the hypothermia group as compared with 19 of 64 (30 percent) in the control group (risk ratio, 0.68; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.38 to 1.22; P=0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Whole-body hypothermia reduces the risk of death or disability in infants with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Despite TH, some infants with HIE will exhibit poor long-term neurologic outcomes across a spectrum of severity including neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI).
“Despite TH, some infants with HIE will exhibit poor long-term neurologic outcomes across a spectrum of severity including neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) (3–6).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Palisano, R. J., Rosenbaum, P., Walter, S. D., Russell, D., Wood, E. P., & Galuppi, B. E. (1997) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x · Cited by 6,728 · see citing works
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
(2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952644.n48 · Cited by 4,242 · see citing works
Gluckman, P. D., Wyatt, J. S., Azzopardi, D., Ballard, R., Edwards, A. D., Ferriero, D. M., Polin, R. A., Robertson, C. M., Thoresen, M., Whitelaw, A., et al. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17946-x · Cited by 2,270 · see citing works
Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y. ‐., Valdés, I., Scheinberg, P., & Ginsberg, M. D. (1987) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1987.127 · Cited by 1,786 · see citing works
Dramatic neuronal rescue with prolonged selective head cooling after ischemia in fetal lambs.
Gunn, A. J., Gunn, T. R., de Haan, H. H., Williams, C. E., & Gluckman, P. D. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119153 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
Moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: Efficacy outcomes
Eicher, D. J., Wagner, C. L., Katikaneni, L., Hulsey, T. C., Bass, W. T., Kaufman, D. A., Horgan, M. J., Languani, S., Bhatia, J. J. S., Givelichian, L. M., et al. (2004) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.06.014 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Prediction of neuromotor outcome in perinatal asphyxia: evaluation of MR scoring systems.
Barkovich, A. J., Hajnal, B. L., Vigneron, D. B., Sola, A. M., Partridge, J. C., Allen, F., & Ferriero, D. M. (1998) · PubMed Central · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Assessment of Neonatal Encephalopathy by Amplitude-integrated Electroencephalography
Al-Naqeeb, N., Edwards, A. D., Cowan, F. M., & Azzopardi, D. (1999) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.103.6.1263 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Toet, M. C., Hellström-Westas, L. K., Groenendaal, F., Eken, P., & de Vries, L. S. (1999) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/fn.81.1.f19 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Delayed and prolonged post-ischemic hypothermia is neuroprotective in the gerbil
Colbourne, F., & Corbett, D. (1994) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(94)90488-x · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Thoresen, M., Penrice, J., Lorek, A., Cady, E. B., Wylezinska, M., Kirkbride, V., Cooper, C. E., Brown, G. C., Edwards, A. D., Wyatt, J. S., et al. (1995) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199505000-00019 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
School performance of survivors of neonatal encephalopathy associated with birth asphyxia at term
Robertson, C. M. T., Finer, N. N., & Grace, M. G. A. (1989) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80132-5 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroprotection With Prolonged Head Cooling Started Before Postischemic Seizures in Fetal Sheep
Gunn, A. J., Gunn, T. R., Gunning, M. I., Williams, C. E., & Gluckman, P. D. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.5.1098 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Specific Inhibition of Apoptosis after Cerebral Hypoxia-Ischemia by Moderate Post-Insult Hypothermia
Edwards, A. D., Yue, X., Squier, M. V., Thoresen, M., Cady, E. B., Penrice, J., Cooper, C. E., Wyatt, J. S., Reynolds, E. O. R., & Mehmet, H. (1995) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2895 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Wright, L. L., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Donovan, E. F., Fanaroff, A. A., Stark, A. R., Tyson, J. E., Poole, W. K., Carlo, W. A., et al. (2002) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.110.2.377 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationPosthypoxic cooling of neonatal rats provides protection against brain injury.
Thoresen, M., Bågenholm, R., Løberg, E. M., Apricena, F., & Kjellmer, I. (1996) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/fn.74.1.f3 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Coimbra, C. G., & Wieloch, T. W. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00313599 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Weinrauch, V., Safar, P., Tisherman, S. A., Kuboyama, K., & Radovsky, A. E. (1992) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.23.10.1454 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Shankaran, S., Woldt, E. H., Koepke, T., Bedard, M. P., & Nandyal, R. R. (1991) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/0378-3782(91)90191-5 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Self-citationPost-hypoxic hypothermia reduces cerebrocortical release of NO and excitotoxins
Thoresen, M., Šatas, S., Puka‐Sundvall, M., Whitelaw, A. C., Hallström, Å., Løberg, E., Ungerstedt, U., Steen, P. A., & Hagberg, H. (1997) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199710200-00033 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Baena, R. C., Busto, R., Dietrich, W. D., Globus, M. Y. T., & Ginsberg, M. (1997) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.48.3.768 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Perinatal hypoxic—Ischemic thalamic injury: Clinical features and neuroimaging
Roland, E. H., Poskitt, K. J., Rodríguez, E., Lupton, B. A., & Hill, A. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410440205 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Carroll, M., & Beek, O. (1992) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/bf01000440 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Inducible isoform of HSP70 is constitutively expressed in a muscle fiber type specific pattern
Locke, M., Noble, E. G., & Atkinson, B. G. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.5.c774 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Bilateral lesions of thalamus and basal ganglia: origin and outcome
Krägeloh‐Mann, I., Helber, A., Mader, I., Staudt, M., Wolff, M., Groenendaal, F., & de Vries, L. S. (2002) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162201002389 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Laptook, A. R., Shalak, L. F., & Corbett, R. J. T. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.108.5.1103 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citationWagner, B., Nedelcu, J., & Martin, E. (2002) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200203000-00015 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Laptook, A. R., Corbett, R. J. T., Sterett, R., Burns, D. K., Garcia, D., & Tollefsbol, G. (1997) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-199707000-00004 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationEffective Selective Head Cooling during Posthypoxic Hypothermia in Newborn Piglets
Thoresen, M., Simmonds, M., Šatas, S., Tooley, J., & Silver, I. A. (2001) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/00006450-200104000-00024 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Selective brain cooling increases cortical cerebral blood flow in rats
Kuluz, J. W., Prado, R., Chang, J. E., Ginsberg, M. D., Schleien, C. L., & Busto, R. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.3.h824 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Selective brain cooling in infant piglets after cardiac arrest and resuscitation
Gelman, B., Schleien, C. L., Lohe, A., & Kuluz, J. W. (1996) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199606000-00022 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Resuscitative Hypothermia Protects the Neonatal Rat Brain from Hypoxic‐Ischemic Injury
Nedelcu, J., Klein, M. A., Aguzzi, A., & Martin, E. (2000) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00243.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The effect of focal cerebral cooling on perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage
Towfighi, J., Housman, C., Heitjan, D. F., Vannucci, R. C., & Yager, J. Y. (1994) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00293321 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Global cerebral ischemia and subsequent selective hypothermia
Horn, M., Schlote, W., & Henrich, H. A. (1991) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00293466 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hypothermic cerebral reperfusion and recovery from ischemia
Baldwin, W. A., Kirsch, J. R., Hurn, P. D., Toung, W. S. P., & Traystman, R. J. (1991) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1991.261.3.h774 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Brain Temperature Discriminates Between Neonates with Damaged, Hypoperfused, and Normal Brains
Simbruner, G., Nanz, S., Fleischhacker, E., & Derganc, M. (1994) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-2007-994574 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [14]14. Edwards AD, Yue X, Squier MT, et al. Specific inhibition of apoptosis after cerebral hypoxia-ischaemia by moderate postinsult hypothermia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;217:1193-9.
- [3]3. thy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 2005;365:663-70.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Part 9: Post–Cardiac Arrest Care
Peberdy, M. A., Callaway, C. W., Neumar, R. W., Geocadin, R. G., Zimmerman, J. L., Donnino, M. W., Gabrielli, A., Silvers, S. M., ZARITSKY, A. L., Merchant, R. M., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.971002 · Cited by 2,520 · see citing works
Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
Jacobs, S. E., Berg, M., Hunt, R., Tarnow-Mordi, W. O., Inder, T. E., & Davis, P. G. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003311.pub3 · Cited by 2,328 · see citing works
Part 14: Pediatric Advanced Life Support
Kleinman, M. E., Chameides, L., Schexnayder, S. M., Samson, R. A., Hazinski, M. F., Atkins, D. L., Berg, M., de Caen, A. R., Fink, E. L., Freid, E. B., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.971101 · Cited by 1,951 · see citing works
The Science of Stroke: Mechanisms in Search of Treatments
Moskowitz, M. A., Lo, E. H., & Iadecola, C. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.07.002 · Cited by 1,930 · see citing works
Moderate Hypothermia to Treat Perinatal Asphyxial Encephalopathy
Azzopardi, D., Strohm, B., Edwards, A. D., Dyet, L. E., Halliday, H. L., Juszczak, E., Kapellou, O., Levene, M. I., Marlow, N., Porter, E., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0900854 · Cited by 1,715 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary
Nolan, J. P., Soar, J., Zideman, D. A., Biarent, D., Bossaert, L. L., Deakin, C. D., Koster, R. W., Wyllie, J. P., & Böttiger, B. W. (2010) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.021 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015
Perkins, G. D., Handley, A. J., Koster, R. W., Castrén, M. K., Smyth, M. A., Olasveengen, T. M., Monsieurs, K. G., Raffay, V. I., Gräsner, J., Wenzel, V., et al. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Labor Induction versus Expectant Management in Low-Risk Nulliparous Women
Grobman, W. A., Rice, M. M., Reddy, U. M., Tita, A., Silver, R. M., Mallett, G. L., Hill, K., Thom, E. A., El-Sayed, Y. Y., Perez‐Delboy, A., et al. (2018) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1800566 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Field, J. M., Hazinski, M. F., Sayre, M. R., Chameides, L., Schexnayder, S. M., Hemphill, R., Samson, R. A., Kattwinkel, J., Berg, R. A., Bhanji, F., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.970889 · Cited by 1,050 · see citing works
Edwards, A. D., Brocklehurst, P., Gunn, A. J., Halliday, H. L., Juszczak, E., Levene, M. I., Strohm, B., Thoresen, M., Whitelaw, A., & Azzopardi, D. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c363 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Review for the Clinician
Douglas-Escobar, M., & Weiss, M. D. (2015) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.3269 · Cited by 778 · see citing works
Childhood Outcomes after Hypothermia for Neonatal Encephalopathy
Shankaran, S., Pappas, A., McDonald, S. A., Vohr, B. R., Hintz, S. R., Yolton, K. A., Gustafson, K. E., Leach, T. M., Green, C., Bara, R., et al. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1112066 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Self-citationNolan, J. P., Hazinski, M. F., Billi, J. E., Boettiger, B. W., Bossaert, L. L., de Caen, A. R., Deakin, C. D., Drajer, S., Eigel, B. N., Hickey, R. W., et al. (2010) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.002 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Hypothermia Therapy after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Hutchison, J. S., Ward, R., Lacroix, J., Hébert, P. C., Barnes, M. A., BOHN, D. J., Dirks, P. B., Doucette, S. P., Fergusson, D. A., Gottesman, R., et al. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706930 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Whole-Body Hypothermia for Term and Near-Term Newborns With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Jacobs, S. E. (2011) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.43 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Induced hypothermia and fever control for prevention and treatment of neurological injuries
Polderman, K. H. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60837-5 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Part 11: Neonatal resuscitation
Wyllie, J. P., Perlman, J. M., Kattwinkel, J., Atkins, D. L., Chameides, L., Goldsmith, J. P., Guinsburg, R., Hazinski, M. F., Morley, C. J., Richmond, S. W. J., et al. (2010) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.029 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Rutherford, M., Ramenghi, L. A., Edwards, A. D., Brocklehurst, P., Halliday, H. L., Levene, M. I., Strohm, B., Thoresen, M., Whitelaw, A., & Azzopardi, D. (2009) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70295-9 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Do children really recover better? Neurobehavioural plasticity after early brain insult
Anderson, V. A., Spencer‐Smith, M. M., & WOOD, A. G. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr103 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia in brain ischaemia
Yenari, M. A., & Han, H. S. (2012) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3174 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Part 11: Neonatal Resuscitation
Perlman, J. M., Wyllie, J. P., Kattwinkel, J., Atkins, D. L., Chameides, L., Goldsmith, J. P., Guinsburg, R., Hazinski, M. F., Morley, C. J., Richmond, S. W. J., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.971127 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy
Tagin, M., Woolcott, C. G., Vincer, M. J., Whyte, R. K., & Stinson, D. A. (2012) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1772 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Part 15: Neonatal Resuscitation
Kattwinkel, J., Perlman, J. M., Aziz, K., Colby, C. E., Fairchild, K. D., Gallagher, J., Hazinski, M. F., Halamek, L. P., Kumar, P., Little, G. A., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.971119 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Hypothermia in animal models of acute ischaemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
van der Worp, H. B., Sena, E., Donnan, G., Howells, D., & Macleod, M. (2007) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awm083 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Kattwinkel, J., Perlman, J. M., Aziz, K., Colby, C. E., Fairchild, K. D., Gallagher, J., Hazinski, M. F., Halamek, L. P., Kumar, P., Little, G. A., et al. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2972e · Cited by 493 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015
Wyllie, J. P., Bruinenberg, J., Roehr, C. C., Rüdiger, M., Trevisanuto, D., & Urlesberger, B. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.029 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010
Richmond, S. W. J., & Wyllie, J. P. (2010) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.018 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Systemic Hypothermia After Neonatal Encephalopathy: Outcomes of neo.nEURO.network RCT
Simbruner, G., Mittal, R. A., Rohlmann, F., Muche, R., & neo.nEURO.network Trial Participants (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2441 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015
Maconochie, I. K., Bingham, R. M., Eich, C. B., López‐Herce, J., Rodríguez‐Núñez, A., Rajka, T., de Voorde, P. V., Zideman, D. A., Biarent, D., Monsieurs, K. G., et al. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.028 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Perlman, J. M., Wyllie, J. P., Kattwinkel, J., Atkins, D. L., Chameides, L., Goldsmith, J. P., Guinsburg, R., Hazinski, M. F., Morley, C. J., Richmond, S. W. J., et al. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2972b · Cited by 445 · see citing works
Therapeutic Hypothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children
Moler, F. W., Silverstein, F. S., Holubkov, R., Slomine, B. S., Christensen, J. R., Nadkarni, V., Meert, K. L., Clark, A. E., Browning, B., Pemberton, V. L., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1411480 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Self-citationBerg, M., Schexnayder, S. M., Chameides, L., Terry, M., Donoghue, A. J., Hickey, R. W., Berg, R. A., Sutton, R. M., & Hazinski, M. F. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2972c · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Mertens, L., Seri, I., Marek, J., Arlettaz, R., Barker, P. C. A., McNamara, P. J., Moon‐Grady, A. J., Coon, P. D., Noori, S., Simpson, J. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2011.07.014 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Hypothermia and Neonatal Encephalopathy
Papile, L. A., Baley, J. E., Benitz, W. E., Cummings, J. J., Carlo, W. A., Eichenwald, E. C., Kumar, P. N., Polin, R. A., Tan, R. C., & Wang, K. S. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0899 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Self-citationTortorici, M. A., Kochanek, P. M., & Poloyac, S. M. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000281517.97507.6e · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Kochanek, P. M., Berger, R. P., Margulies, S. S., & Jenkins, L. W. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.0209 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
van Handel, M., Swaab, H., de Vries, L. S., & Jongmans, M. J. (2007) · European Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s00431-007-0437-8 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Cerebral Magnetic Resonance Biomarkers in Neonatal Encephalopathy: A Meta-analysis
Thayyil, S., Chandrasekaran, M., Taylor, A. M., Bainbridge, A. P., Cady, E. B., Chong, W. K., Murad, S., Omar, R., & Robertson, N. J. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1046 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The TOBY Study Group, Azzopardi, D., Brocklehurst, P., Edwards, A. D., Halliday, H. L., Levene, M. I., Thoresen, M., & Whitelaw, A. (2008) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-8-17 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Brain temperature and its fundamental properties: a review for clinical neuroscientists
Wang, H., Wang, B., Normoyle, K. P., Jackson, K., Spitler, K., Sharrock, M. F., Miller, C. M., Best, C., Llano, D., & Du, R. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00307 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Erythropoietin Improved Neurologic Outcomes in Newborns With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Zhu, C., Kang, W., Xu, F., Cheng, X., Zhang, Z., Jia, L., Ji, L., Guo, X., Xiong, H., Simbruner, G., et al. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-3553 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges
Millar, L., Shi, L., Hoerder-Suabedissen, A., & Molnár, Z. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00078 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 6. Paediatric life support
Biarent, D., Bingham, R. M., Eich, C. B., López‐Herce, J., Maconochie, I. K., Rodríguez‐Núñez, A., Rajka, T., & Zideman, D. A. (2010) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.012 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Intravenous Thrombolysis Plus Hypothermia for Acute Treatment of Ischemic Stroke (ICTuS-L)
Hemmen, T., Raman, R., Guluma, K. Z., Meyer, B. C., Gomes, J. A., Cruz‐Flores, S., Wijman, C. A. C., Rapp, K. S., Grotta, J. C., & Lyden, P. D. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.592295 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Determinants of Outcomes After Head Cooling for Neonatal Encephalopathy
Wyatt, J. S., Gluckman, P. D., Liu, P. Y., Azzopardi, D., Ballard, R. A., Edwards, A. D., Ferriero, D. M., Polin, R. A., Robertson, C. M. T., Thoresen, M., et al. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2839 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Feasibility of Autologous Cord Blood Cells for Infants with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Cotten, C. M., Murtha, A. P., Goldberg, R. N., Grotegut, C. A., Smith, P. B., Goldstein, R. F., Fisher, K. A., Gustafson, K. E., Waters‐Pick, B., Swamy, G. K., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.11.036 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of progress in understanding the pathophysiology and treatment of brain edema
Marmarou, A. (2007) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/foc.2007.22.5.2 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
A Randomized Trial of Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Preterm Infants
Juul, S. E., Comstock, B. A., Wadhawan, R., Mayock, D. E., Courtney, S. E., Robinson, T., Ahmad, K. A., Bendel‐Stenzel, E., Baserga, M., LaGamma, E. F., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1907423 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
Jacobs, S. E., Hunt, R. W., Tarnow-Mordi, W. O., Inder, T. E., & Davis, P. G. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003311.pub2 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Thoresen, M., Tooley, J., Liu, X., Jary, S., Fleming, P., Luyt, K., Jain, A., Cairns, P. A., Harding, D., & Sabir, H. (2013) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000353948 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Laptook, A. R., Shankaran, S., Tyson, J. E., Muñoz, B., Bell, E. F., Goldberg, R. N., Parikh, N. A., Ambalavanan, N., Pedroza, C., Pappas, A., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.14972 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, W., Cheng, G., Shao, X., Liu, X., Shan, R., Zhuang, D., Zhou, C., Du, L., Cao, Y., Yang, Q., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.03.030 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Early EEG Findings in Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Predict Outcomes at 2 Years
Murray, D. M., Boylan, G. B., Ryan, C. A., & Connolly, S. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2190 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Thayyil, S., Pant, S., Montaldo, P., Shukla, D., Oliveira, V., Ivain, P., Bassett, P., Swamy, R. S., Mendoza, J., Moreno-Morales, M., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00264-3 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Self-citationAmerican Heart Association (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0346 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Therapeutic Hypothermia after In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Children
Moler, F. W., Silverstein, F. S., Holubkov, R., Slomine, B. S., Christensen, J. R., Nadkarni, V., Meert, K. L., Browning, B., Pemberton, V. L., Page, K., et al. (2017) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1610493 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment advances in neonatal neuroprotection and neurointensive care
Johnston, M. V., Fatemi, A. S., Wilson, M. A., & Northington, F. J. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70016-3 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Pappas, A., McDonald, S. A., Das, A., Tyson, J. E., Poindexter, B. B., Schibler, K. R., Bell, E. F., Heyne, R. J., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.16058 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Self-citationRETIRED: Fetal Health Surveillance: Antepartum and Intrapartum Consensus Guideline
Liston, R., Sawchuck, D., Young, D., Brassard, N., Campbell, K., Davies, G., Ehman, W., Farine, D., Farquharson, D. F., Hamilton, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(16)32615-9 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Hazinski, M. F., Nolan, J. P., Billi, J. E., Böttiger, B. W., Bossaert, L. L., de Caen, A. R., Deakin, C. D., Drajer, S., Eigel, B. N., Hickey, R. W., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.970897 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Pappas, A., McDonald, S. A., Das, A., Tyson, J. E., Poindexter, B. B., Schibler, K. R., Bell, E. F., Heyne, R. J., et al. (2017) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.7218 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Self-citationIntervention strategies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury
Perlman, J. M. (2006) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.09.005 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
American Heart Association, A. A. O. P. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0349 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Weeke, L. C., Groenendaal, F., Mudigonda, K., Blennow, M., Lequin, M. H., Meiners, L. C., van Haastert, I. C., Benders, M. J., Hallberg, B., & de Vries, L. S. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.043 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Septic Shock in Neonates
Wynn, J. L., & Wong, H. R. (2010) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2010.04.002 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Almeida, M. C., Hew‐Butler, T., Soriano, R. N., Rao, S. P., Wang, W., Wang, L., Tamayo, N. A., de Oliveira, D. L., Nucci, T. B., Aryal, P., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5606-11.2012 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Melatonin augments hypothermic neuroprotection in a perinatal asphyxia model
Robertson, N. J., Faulkner, S. D., Fleiss, B., Bainbridge, A. P., Andorka, C., Price, D., Powell, E., Lecky-Thompson, L., Thei, L., Chandrasekaran, M., et al. (2012) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aws285 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Epidemiology of cerebral palsy
Blair, E. M., & Watson, L. C. (2005) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2005.10.010 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Chalak, L. F., Sánchez, P. J., ADAMS-HUET, B. A., Laptook, A. R., Heyne, R. J., & Rosenfeld, C. R. (2013) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.10.067 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Self-citationAdelson, P. D., Wisniewski, S. R., Beca, J., Brown, S. D., Bell, M. J., Muizelaar, J. P., Okada, P. J., Beers, S. R., Balasubramani, G. K., & Hirtz, D. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70077-2 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Gunn, A. J., & Thoresen, M. (2006) · NeuroRx · doi:10.1016/j.nurx.2006.01.007 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Pressler, R., Boylan, G. B., Marlow, N., Blennow, M., Chiron, C., Cross, J. H., de Vries, L. S., Hallberg, B., Hellström-Westas, L. K., Jullien, V., et al. (2015) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70303-5 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Hobbs, C., Thoresen, M., Tucker, A. M., Aquilina, K., Chakkarapani, E., & Dingley, J. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.499822 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Part 10: Pediatric Basic and Advanced Life Support
Kleinman, M. E., de Caen, A. R., Chameides, L., Atkins, D. L., Berg, R. A., Berg, M., Bhanji, F., Biarent, D., Bingham, R. M., Coovadia, A. H., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.971093 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Multicenter cohort study of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest*
Meert, K. L., Donaldson, A., Nadkarni, V., Tieves, K. S., Schleien, C. L., Brilli, R. J., Clark, R. S. B., Shaffner, D. H., Levy, F. H., Statler, K. D., et al. (2009) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0b013e3181a7045c · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Cerebral Palsy
O’Shea, T. M. (2008) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0b013e3181870ba7 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Plasticity and injury in the developing brain
Johnston, M. V., Ishida, A., Nakajima, W., Matsushita, H., Nishimura, A., & Tsuji, M. (2008) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2008.03.014 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Brain-immune interactions in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury
Li, B., Concepcion, K. R., Meng, X., & Zhang, L. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.10.006 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Mertens, L., Seri, I., Marek, J., Arlettaz, R., Barker, P. C. A., McNamara, P. J., Moon‐Grady, A. J., Coon, P. D., Noori, S., Simpson, J. M., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Echocardiography · doi:10.1093/ejechocard/jer181 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
High-Dose Erythropoietin and Hypothermia for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Phase II Trial
Wu, Y. W., Mathur, A., Chang, T., McKinstry, R. C., Mulkey, S. B., Mayock, D. E., Meurs, K. P. V., Rogers, E. E., Gonzalez, F. F., Comstock, B. A., et al. (2016) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-0191 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Brain injury following trial of hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy
Shankaran, S., Barnes, P. D., Hintz, S. R., Laptook, A. R., Zaterka-Baxter, K. M., McDonald, S. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Walsh, M. C., Tyson, J. E., Donovan, E. F., et al. (2012) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301524 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute Kidney Injury in Asphyxiated Newborns Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia
Selewski, D. T., Jordan, B. K., Askenazi, D. J., Dechert, R. E., & Sarkar, S. (2012) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.002 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: an update on disease pathogenesis and treatment
Yıldız, E. P., Ekici, B., & Tatlı, B. (2016) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1259567 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Welin, A.-K., Svedin, P., Lapatto, R., Sultan, B., Hagberg, H., Gressèns, P., Kjellmer, I., & Mallard, C. E. (2007) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/01.pdr.0000252546.20451.1a · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Higgins, R. D., Raju, T. N. K., Edwards, A. D., Azzopardi, D., Bose, C. L., Clark, R. H., Ferriero, D. M., Guillet, R., Gunn, A. J., Hagberg, H., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.08.004 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Self-citationElectroencephalographic monitoring during hypothermia after pediatric cardiac arrest
Abend, N. S., Topjian, A., Ichord, R., Herman, S. T., Helfaer, M. A., Donnelly, M., Nadkarni, V., Dlugos, D., & Clancy, R. R. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181a82687 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Neurological implications of urea cycle disorders
Gropman, A. L., Summar, M. L., & Leonard, J. V. (2007) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-007-0709-5 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Puyal, J., Ginet, V., & Clarke, P. G. H. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.002 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Silverstein, F. S., & Jensen, F. E. (2007) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.21167 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Elevated Temperature After Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Risk Factor for Adverse Outcomes
Laptook, A. R., Tyson, J. E., Shankaran, S., McDonald, S. A., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Fanaroff, A. A., Donovan, E. F., Goldberg, R. N., O’Shea, T. M., Higgins, R. D., et al. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1673 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationPerinatal Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy
Lai, M., & Yang, S. (2010) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2011/609813 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Central control of body temperature
Morrison, S. F. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.7958.1 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Hypothermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Shah, P. S. (2010) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2010.02.003 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Erythropoietin for Neuroprotection in Neonatal Encephalopathy: Safety and Pharmacokinetics
Wu, Y. W., Bauer, L. A., Ballard, R. A., Ferriero, D. M., Glidden, D. V., Mayock, D. E., Chang, T., Durand, D. J., Song, D., Bonifacio, S. L., et al. (2012) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0498 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Infants and Children With Cardiac Disease
Marino, B. S., Tabbutt, S., MacLaren, G., Hazinski, M. F., Adatia, I., Atkins, D. L., Checchia, P. A., DeCaen, A., Fink, E. L., Hoffman, G. M., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000524 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The energetic brain—A review from students to students
Bordone, M. P., Salman, M. M., Titus, H. E., Amini, E., Andersen, J. V., Chakraborti, B., Diuba, A. V., Dubouskaya, T. G., Ehrke, E., Espindola de Freitas, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14829 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Therapeutic Hypothermia for Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy – Where to from Here?
Davidson, J. O., Wassink, G., van den Heuij, L. G., Bennet, L., & Gunn, A. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2015.00198 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Multicenter cohort study of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest*
Moler, F. W., Donaldson, A. E., Meert, K. L., Brilli, R. J., Nadkarni, V., Shaffner, D. H., Schleien, C. L., Clark, R. S. B., Dalton, H. J., Statler, K. D., et al. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181fa3c17 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
The biological basis of injury and neuroprotection in the fetal and neonatal brain
Rees, S. M., Harding, R., & Walker, D. W. (2011) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.04.004 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Daadi, M. M., Davis, A. S., Arac, A., Li, Z., Maag Anne-Lise, D., Bhatnagar, R., Jiang, K., Sun, G.-H., Wu, J. C., & Steinberg, G. K. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.573691 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
- Authors
- Shankaran, S., Laptook, A. R., Ehrenkranz, R. A., Tyson, J. E., McDonald, S. A., Donovan, E. F., Fanaroff, A. A., Poole, W. K., Wright, L. L., Higgins, R. D., Finer, N. N., Carlo, W. A., Duara, S., Oh, W., Cotten, C. M., Stevenson, D. K., Stoll, B. J., Lemons, J. A., Guillet, R., & Jobe, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island (US)
- Yale University (US)
- RTI International (US)
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- University of Miami (US)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Indiana University School of Medicine (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2005-10-13
- Volume
- 353
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1574-1584
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2164127547
- Cited by
- 2,862
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 157 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 155 · 2020: 123 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 152 · 2017: 152 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 131 · 2013: 141 · 2012: 166
- FWCI
- 89.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (5-M01-RR-00044, M01RR008084, M01-RR00039, M01RR000125, M01-RR 00750, M01 RR-00125, M01 RR 0039-43, M01RR000750, M-01 RR 00070, M01RR000044, M01RR000070, M01RR000039, M01-RR-08084)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U10HD040498, (U10 HD27871, U10 HD 27853, U10HD027880, U10 HD27880, U10 HD 40461, U10HD40521, U10HD21385, U10HD 21397, U10HD40498, U10HD27851, U10 HD34216, U10HD40492, U01HD36790, U10‐HD‐27904, U10HD021397, U10HD027904, U10HD027856, U10HD040689, U10HD027871, U10-HD21373, U10HD027853, U10HD040492, U10HD034216, U10HD021373, U10HD021385, U10HD40689, U10 HD27856, U10HD040521, U01HD036790, U10HD027851, U10HD040461)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- whole-body hypothermia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, neonates, neuroprotection, cerebral palsy, neurodevelopmental outcomes, perinatal asphyxia, acidosis, term infants, mortality, disability
- MeSH terms
- Acidosis, Asphyxia Neonatorum, Blindness, Cerebral Palsy, Developmental Disabilities, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hypothermia, Induced, Infant, Newborn, Obstetric Labor Complications, Male, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain, Hearing Loss
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
