The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Epidemiology of Sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Sepsis represents a substantial health care burden, and there is limited epidemiologic information about the demography of sepsis or about the temporal changes in its incidence and outcome. We investigated the epidemiology of sepsis in the United States, with specific examination of race and sex, causative organisms, the disposition of patients, and the incidence and outcome. METHODS: We analyzed the occurrence of sepsis from 1979 through 2000 using a nationally representative sample of all nonfederal acute care hospitals in the United States. Data on new cases were obtained from hospital discharge records coded according to the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. RESULTS: Review of discharge data on approximately 750 million hospitalizations in the United States over the 22-year period identified 10,319,418 cases of sepsis. Sepsis was more common among men than among women (mean annual relative risk, 1.28 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.24 to 1.32]) and among nonwhite persons than among white persons (mean annual relative risk, 1.90 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.81 to 2.00]). Between 1979 and 2000, there was an annualized increase in the incidence of sepsis of 8.7 percent, from about 164,000 cases (82.7 per 100,000 population) to nearly 660,000 cases (240.4 per 100,000 population). The rate of sepsis due to fungal organisms increased by 207 percent, with gram-positive bacteria becoming the predominant pathogens after 1987. The total in-hospital mortality rate fell from 27.8 percent during the period from 1979 through 1984 to 17.9 percent during the period from 1995 through 2000, yet the total number of deaths continued to increase. Mortality was highest among black men. Organ failure contributed cumulatively to mortality, with temporal improvements in survival among patients with fewer than three failing organs. The average length of the hospital stay decreased, and the rate of discharge to nonacute care medical facilities increased. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of sepsis and the number of sepsis-related deaths are increasing, although the overall mortality rate among patients with sepsis is declining. There are also disparities among races and between men and women in the incidence of sepsis. Gram-positive bacteria and fungal organisms are increasingly common causes of sepsis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This approach follows the methods validated by many studies on the epidemiology of sepsis26, 27, 28, 29 and was used by Rudd and colleagues.10”
From Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050 (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“This trend continued with a greater than 200% increase from 1979 to 2000.23”
From Fungal Sepsis: Optimizing Antifungal Therapy in the Critical Care Setting (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“McNeil et al. (154) published an analysis of trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States and found a dramatic increase in multiple-cause mortality due to mycoses, from 1,557 deaths in 1980 to 6,534 deaths in 1997; the majority of these mycoses-related deaths were associated with Candida , Aspergillus , and Cryptococcus sp. infection.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“At the same time, they showed an almost exponential increase in the mortality rates associated with IA, with a 357% increase in mortality between 1980 and 1996.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“Previously, McNeil et al. (154) demonstrated that mortality rates associated with IC increased steadily from 1980 to a peak in 1989, followed by a gradual decline through 1996.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“These data are directly comparable to those of McNeil et al. (154) and extend the data reported in that study beyond 1996 to the year 2003.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“Again, the limitations of such data are well known, most notably the lack of validation of the mycotic infection and the failure to clinically diagnose IA and IC, resulting in an underestimation of mortality (154).”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“As stated by McNeil and colleagues (154), mortality associated with invasive mycoses is best represented by multiplecause-of-death data, which capture any mention of the mycotic disease on the death certificate.”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
In the citing paper
“Although this approach provides a much more generalizable sample of U.S. hospitals than many other methods of surveillance, it is likely to underestimate both incidence and mortality because of miscoding of IC, use of codes not captured by the analysis, or failure to code the infection at all (79, 154).”
From Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem (2007) · cites this paper as [154]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bone, R. C., BALK, R. A., Cerra, F. B., Dellinger, R. P., Fein, A. M., Knaus, W. A., Schein, R. M. H., & Sibbald, W. J. (1992) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.101.6.1644 · Cited by 13,317
Angus, D. C., Linde-Zwirble, W. T., Lidicker, J., Clermont, G., Carcillo, J., & Pinsky, M. R. (2001) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002 · Cited by 8,503
Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Human Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis
Bernard, G. R., Vincent, J., Laterre, P., LaRosa, S. P., Dhainaut, J.-F., Lopez-Rodriguez, A., Steingrub, J. S., Garber, G. E., Helterbrand, J. D., Ely, E. W., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200103083441001 · Cited by 6,124
Rising Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States
El‐Serag, H. B., & Mason, A. C. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199903113401001 · Cited by 2,865
The Natural History of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
Rangel-Frausto, M. S., Pittet, D., Costigan, M., Hwang, T., Davis, C. S., & Wenzel, R. P. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.273.2.117 · Cited by 2,090
High-Dose Antithrombin III in Severe Sepsis
Warren, B., Eid, A. A., Singer, P., Pillay, S., Carl, P., Novák, I., Chalupa, P., Atherstone, A., Pénzes, I., Kübler, A., et al. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.15.1869 · Cited by 1,422
Parrillo, J. E., Parker, M. M., Natanson, C., Suffredini, A. F., Danner, R. L., Cunnion, R. E., & Ognibene, F. P. (1990) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-113-3-227 · Cited by 1,188
Secular Trends in the Epidemiology of Nosocomial Fungal Infections in the United States, 1980-1990
Beck‐Sagué, C. M., Jarvis, W. R., & System, N. N. I. S. (1993) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/167.5.1247 · Cited by 1,140
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock in Adults
Brun‐Buisson, C. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.274.12.968 · Cited by 1,079
Treating Patients with Severe Sepsis
Wheeler, A. P., & Bernard, G. R. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199901213400307 · Cited by 992
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 1990, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 39, 31
- Eaton S, 2002, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165, A471
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,032
A robust scoring system to evaluate sepsis severity in an animal model
Shrum, B., Anantha, R. V., Xu, S. X., Donnelly, M., Haeryfar, S. M. M., McCormick, J. K., & Mele, T. S. (2014) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-233 · Cited by 537
Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis: a Spanish multicentre study
Blanco, J., Muriel-Bombín, A., Sagredo-Meneses, V., Taboada, F., Gandía, F., Tamayo, L., Collado, J., García-Labattut, Á., Carriedo, D., Valledor, M., et al. (2008) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc7157 · Cited by 519
Huang, X., Venet, F., Wang, Y. L., Lepape, A., Yuan, Z., Chen, Y., Swan, R., Kherouf, H., Monneret, G., Chung, C., et al. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0809422106 · Cited by 525
Osuchowski, M. F., Welch, K. B., Siddiqui, J., & Remick, D. G. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.3.1967 · Cited by 513
Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis
Lever, A. M. L., & Mackenzie, I. M. J. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39346.495880.ae · Cited by 521
Long-Term Risk of Mortality and Acute Kidney Injury During Hospitalization After Major Surgery
Bihorac, A., Yavas, S., Subbiah, S., Hobson, C., Schold, J. D., Gabrielli, A., Layon, A. J., & Segal, M. S. (2009) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3181a40a0b · Cited by 512
Angstwurm, M., Engelmann, L., Zimmermann, T. P., Lehmann, C., Spes, C. H., Abel, P., Strauß, R., Meier‐Hellmann, A., Insel, R., Radke, J., et al. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000251124.83436.0e · Cited by 503
Remick, D. G. (2007) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2007.060872 · Cited by 524
Population Burden of Long‐Term Survivorship After Severe Sepsis in Older Americans
Iwashyna, T. J., Cooke, C. R., Wunsch, H., & Kahn, J. M. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03989.x · Cited by 516
PGC-1α promotes recovery after acute kidney injury during systemic inflammation in mice
Tran, M. T., Tam, D., Bardia, A., Bhasin, M., Rowe, G. C., Kher, A., Zsengellér, Z. K., Akhavan-Sharif, M. R., Khankin, E. V., Saint‐Geniez, M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58662 · Cited by 498
The Epidemiology of Sepsis in Chinese ICUs: A National Cross-Sectional Survey
Xie, J., Wang, H., Kang, Y., Zhou, L., Liu, Z., Qin, B., Ma, X., Cao, X., Chen, D., Lü, W., et al. (2019) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004155 · Cited by 501
Walkey, A. J., Wiener, R. S., Ghobrial, J. M., Curtis, L. H., & Benjamin, E. J. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1615 · Cited by 493
A Central Role for Free Heme in the Pathogenesis of Severe Sepsis
Larsen, R., Gozzelino, R., Jeney, V., Tokaji, L., Bozza, F. A., Japiassú, A. M., Bonaparte, D., Cavalcante, M. M., Chora, Â., Ferreira, A., et al. (2010) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001118 · Cited by 483
Trzeciak, S. W., McCoy, J. V., Dellinger, R. P., Arnold, R. C., Rizzuto, M. A., Abate, N. L., Shapiro, N. I., Parrillo, J. E., Hollenberg, S. M., & on behalf of the Microcirculatory Alterations in Resuscitation and Shock (MARS) investigators (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1193-6 · Cited by 493
Use of 16S rRNA Gene for Identification of a Broad Range of Clinically Relevant Bacterial Pathogens
Srinivasan, R., Karaöz, U., Volegova, M. P., MacKichan, J. K., Kato‐Maeda, M., Miller, S. A., Nadarajan, R., Brodie, E., & Lynch, S. V. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117617 · Cited by 508
C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio Predicts 90-Day Mortality of Septic Patients
Ranzani, O., Zampieri, F. G., Forte, D. N., Azevedo, L. C. P., & Park, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059321 · Cited by 482
Bagshaw, S. M., Lapinsky, S. E., Dial, S., Arabi, Y. M., Dodek, P., Wood, G., Ellis, P., Guzmán, J. A., Marshall, J. C., Parrillo, J. E., et al. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1367-2 · Cited by 487
Peyssonnaux, C., Cejudo-Martin, P., Doedens, A., Zinkernagel, A. S., Johnson, R. S., & Nizet, V. (2007) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7516 · Cited by 480
The vagus nerve and the nicotinic anti-inflammatory pathway
Ulloa, L. (2005) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd1797 · Cited by 470
Host innate immune responses to sepsis
Wiersinga, W. J., Leopold, S. J., Cranendonk, D. R., & van der Poll, T. (2013) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.25436 · Cited by 488
The Epidemiology of Sepsis in Patients With Malignancy
Danai, P. A., Moss, M. M., Mannino, D. M., & Martin, G. S. (2006) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.129.6.1432 · Cited by 463
Self-citationThe Immunopathogenesis of Sepsis in Elderly Patients
Opal, S. M., Girard, T. D., & Ely, E. W. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/432007 · Cited by 461
Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology Over Five Decades: A Systematic Review
Slipczuk, L. N., Codolosa, J. N., Davila, C. D., Romero‐Corral, A., Yun, J. H., Pressman, G. S., & Figueredo, V. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082665 · Cited by 453
Sepsis: Multiple Abnormalities, Heterogeneous Responses, and Evolving Understanding
Iskander, K. N., Osuchowski, M. F., Stearns-Kurosawa, D. J., Kurosawa, S., Stepien, D. M., Valentine, C., & Remick, D. G. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2012 · Cited by 470
The MIMIC Code Repository: enabling reproducibility in critical care research
Johnson, A. E. W., Stone, D. J., Celi, L. A., & Pollard, T. J. (2018) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx084 · Cited by 442
Epidemiology of acute kidney injury: How big is the problem?
Hoste, E. A. J., & Schurgers, M. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318168c590 · Cited by 441
The Importance of Fluid Management in Acute Lung Injury Secondary to Septic Shock
Murphy, C. V., Schramm, G. E., Doherty, J. A., Reichley, R. M., Gajic, O., Afessa, B., Micek, S. T., & Kollef, M. H. (2009) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.08-2706 · Cited by 442
The ‘cytokine profile’: a code for sepsis
Ulloa, L., & Tracey, K. J. (2005) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2004.12.007 · Cited by 438
Angus, D. C., Shorr, A. F., White, A., Dremsizov, T. T., Schmitz, R. J., & Kelley, M. A. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000206105.05626.15 · Cited by 437
Gram-positive toxic shock syndromes
Lappin, E., & Ferguson, A. J. (2009) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70066-0 · Cited by 437
Boedicker, J. Q., Li, L., Kline, T. R., & Ismagilov, R. F. (2008) · Lab on a Chip · doi:10.1039/b804911d · Cited by 446
Adult-population incidence of severe sepsis in Australian and New Zealand intensive care units
Finfer, S. R., Bellomo, R., Lipman, J., French, C., DOBB, G. J., & Myburgh, J. (2004) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2157-0 · Cited by 435
Effectiveness of treatments for severe sepsis: A prospective, multicenter, observational study.
Ferrer, R., Artigas, A., Suarez, D., Palencia, E., Levy, M. M., Arenzana, A., Pérez, X. L., & Sirvent, J.-M. (2009) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200812-1912oc · Cited by 433
Glucose variability and mortality in patients with sepsis*
Ali, N. A., O’Brien, J. M., Dungan, K. M., Phillips, G. S., Marsh, C. B., Lemeshow, S. A., Connors, A. F., & Preiser, J. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181810378 · Cited by 439
The role of infection and comorbidity: Factors that influence disparities in sepsis
Esper, A. M., Moss, M., Lewis, C. A., Nisbet, R., Mannino, D. M., & Martin, G. S. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000239114.50519.0e · Cited by 336
Self-citationGram-positive and gram-negative bacterial toxins in sepsis
Ramachandran, G. (2013) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.27024 · Cited by 418
National estimates of severe sepsis in United States emergency departments
Wang, H. E., Shapiro, N. I., Angus, D. C., & Yealy, D. M. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000277043.85378.c1 · Cited by 423
Stress-hyperglycemia, insulin and immunomodulation in sepsis
Marik, P. E., & Raghavan, M. (2004) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2167-y · Cited by 423
Volatile Metabolites of Pathogens: A Systematic Review
Bos, L. D. J., Sterk, P. J., & Schultz, M. J. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003311 · Cited by 425
Quality of Diagnosis and Procedure Coding in ICD-10 Administrative Data
Henderson, T., Shepheard, J., & Sundararajan, V. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000228018.48783.34 · Cited by 408
Innate Response Activator B Cells Protect Against Microbial Sepsis
Rauch, P. J., Chudnovskiy, A., Robbins, C. S., Weber, G. F., Etzrodt, M., Hilgendorf, I., Tiglao, E., Figueiredo, J., Iwamoto, Y., Theurl, I., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1215173 · Cited by 425
The disconnect between animal models of sepsis and human sepsis
Rittirsch, D., Hoesel, L. M., & Ward, P. A. (2006) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0806542 · Cited by 421
Raghunathan, K., Shaw, A., Nathanson, B. H., Stürmer, T., Brookhart, A. M., Stefan, M. S., Setoguchi, S., Beadles, C. A., & Lindenauer, P. K. (2014) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000305 · Cited by 409
The Era of Molecular and Other Non-Culture-Based Methods in Diagnosis of Sepsis
Mancini, N., Carletti, S., Ghidoli, N., Cichero, P., Burioni, R., & Clementi, M. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.00043-09 · Cited by 403
Markwart, R., Saito, H., Harder, T., Tomczyk, S., Cassini, A., Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Reichert, F., Eckmanns, T., & Allegranzi, B. (2020) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-020-06106-2 · Cited by 399
Prior Statin Therapy Is Associated With a Decreased Rate of Severe Sepsis
Almog, Y., Shefer, A., Novack, V., Maimon, N., Barski, L., Eizinger, M., Friger, M. D., Zeller, L., & Danon, A. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000138932.17956.f1 · Cited by 405
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock.
Bartynski, W. S., Boardman, J. F., Zeigler, Z. R., Shadduck, R. K., & LISTER, J. W. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 406
Recent trends in acute lung injury mortality: 1996–2005*
Erickson, S. E., Martin, G. S., Davis, J. L., Matthay, M. A., & Eisner, M. D. (2009) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31819fefdf · Cited by 401
Self-citationThe pathophysiology of sepsis and precision-medicine-based immunotherapy
Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., Aschenbrenner, A. C., Bauer, M. W., Bock, C., Calandra, T., Gat‐Viks, I., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lupșe, M. S., Monneret, G., Pickkers, P., et al. (2024) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01660-5 · Cited by 408
Jawad, I., Lukšić, I., & Rafnsson, S. B. (2012) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.01.010404 · Cited by 389
Perez, K. K., Olsen, R. J., Musick, W. L., Cernoch, P. L., Davis, J. R., Land, G. A., Peterson, L. E., & Musser, J. M. (2012) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2012-0651-oa · Cited by 387
Early Prediction of Sepsis From Clinical Data: The PhysioNet/Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2019
Reyna, M. A., Josef, C. S., Jeter, R., Shashikumar, S. P., Westover, M. B., Nemati, S., Clifford, G. D., & Sharma, A. (2020) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000004145 · Cited by 383
Characteristics and outcomes of culture-negative versus culture-positive severe sepsis.
Phua, J., Ngerng, W. J., See, K. C., Tay, C. K., Kiong, T., Lim, H. F., Chew, M. Y., Yip, H. S., Tan, A., Khalizah, H. J., et al. (2013) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc12896 · Cited by 382
Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury
Alobaidi, R., Basu, R. K., Goldstein, S. L., & Bagshaw, S. M. (2015) · Seminars in Nephrology · doi:10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.01.002 · Cited by 385
Phylogenetic and genomic diversity of human bacteremic Escherichia coli strains
Jauréguy, F., Landraud, L., Passet, V., Diancourt, L., Frapy, E., Guigon, G., Carbonnelle, É., Lortholary, O., Clermont, O., Denamur, É., et al. (2008) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-560 · Cited by 407
Annane, D., Pastores, S. M., Rochwerg, B. N., Arlt, W., BALK, R. A., Beishuizen, A., Briegel, J., Carcillo, J. A., Christ‐Crain, M., Cooper, M. S., et al. (2017) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-017-4919-5 · Cited by 380
Before–after study of a standardized hospital order set for the management of septic shock*
Micek, S. T., Roubinian, N. H., Heuring, T., Bode, M., Williams, J. A. S., Harrison, C., Murphy, T., Prentice, D., Ruoff, B. E., & Kollef, M. H. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000241151.25426.d7 · Cited by 373
MAP kinase phosphatase 1 controls innate immune responses and suppresses endotoxic shock
Zhao, Q., Wang, X., Nelin, L. D., Yao, Y., Matta, R., Manson, M. E., Baliga, R. S., Meng, X., Smith, C. V., Bauer, J. A., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20051794 · Cited by 370
Sepsis incidence and outcome: Contrasting the intensive care unit with the hospital ward*
Esteban, A., Frutos–Vivar, F., Ferguson, N. D., Peñuelas, Ó., Lorente, J. A., Gordo, F., Honrubia, T., Algora, A., Bustos, A., García, G. V., et al. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000260960.94300.de · Cited by 370
ZIP8 Regulates Host Defense through Zinc-Mediated Inhibition of NF-κB
Liu, M.-J., Bao, S., Gálvez-Peralta, M., Pyle, C. J., Rudawsky, A. C., Pavlovicz, R. E., Killilea, D. W., Li, C., Nebert, D. W., Wewers, M. D., et al. (2013) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.01.009 · Cited by 367
Branski, L. K., Al-Mousawi, A. M., Rivero, H. G., Jeschke, M. G., Sanford, A. P., & Herndon, D. N. (2009) · Surgical Infections · doi:10.1089/sur.2009.024 · Cited by 363
Vincent, J., François, B., Zabolotskikh, I. B., Daga, M. K., Lascarrou, J.-B., Кirov, М. Y., Pettilä, V., Wittebole, X., Meziani, F., Mercier, E., et al. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.5358 · Cited by 362
Kell, D. B. (2010) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x · Cited by 361
Castellanos-Ortega, Á., Suberviola, B., García-Astudillo, L. A., Holanda, M. S., Ortiz, F., Llorca, J., & Delgado‐Rodríguez, M. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181d455b6 · Cited by 364
Iwashyna, T. J., Odden, A., Rohde, J., Bonham, C., Kuhn, L., Malani, P., Chen, L., & Flanders, S. (2014) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318268ac86 · Cited by 358
Early changes in organ function predict eventual survival in severe sepsis*
Levy, M. M., Macias, W. L., Vincent, J.-L., Russell, J. A., Silva, E., Trzaskoma, B., & Williams, M. D. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000182798.39709.84 · Cited by 358
Fritz, J. H., Girardin, S. E., Fitting, C., Werts, C., Mengin‐Lecreulx, D., Caroff, M., Cavaillon, J., Philpott, D. J., & Adib‐Conquy, M. (2005) · European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1002/eji.200526286 · Cited by 355
Nguyen, H. B., Rivers, E. P., Abrahamian, F. M., Moran, G. J., Abraham, E. H., Trzeciak, S. W., Huang, D. T., Osborn, T. M., Stevens, D. L., & Talan, D. A. (2006) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.02.015 · Cited by 359
Serum miR-146a and miR-223 as potential new biomarkers for sepsis
Wang, J., Yu, M., Yu, G., Bian, J., Deng, X., Wan, X., & Zhu, K. (2010) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.145 · Cited by 352
Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and mortality in the critically ill*
Braun, A. B., Chang, D., Mahadevappa, K., Gibbons, F. K., Liu, Y., Giovannucci, E. L., & Christopher, K. B. (2011) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318206ccdf · Cited by 356
Epidemiology and Immune Pathogenesis of Viral Sepsis
Lin, G.-L., McGinley, J. P., Drysdale, S. B., & Pollard, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02147 · Cited by 351
Wynn, J. L. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000000315 · Cited by 349
Interleukin-3 amplifies acute inflammation and is a potential therapeutic target in sepsis
Weber, G. F., Chousterman, B. G., He, S., Fenn, A. M., Nairz, M., Anzai, A., Brenner, T., Uhle, F., Iwamoto, Y., Robbins, C. S., et al. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaa4268 · Cited by 348
Cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives, a novel class of antifungal agents
Shreaz, S., Wani, W. A., Behbehani, J. M., Raja, V., Irshad, M., Karched, M., Ali, I., Siddiqi, W. A., & Hun, L. T. (2016) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.016 · Cited by 355
Influenza A inhibits Th17-mediated host defense against bacterial pneumonia in mice.
Kudva, A., Scheller, E. V., Robinson, K. M., Crowe, C. R., Choi, S. M., Slight, S. R., Khader, S. A., Dubin, P. J., Enelow, R. I., Kolls, J. K., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1002194 · Cited by 346
Annane, D., Pastores, S. M., Rochwerg, B. N., Arlt, W., BALK, R. A., Beishuizen, A., Briegel, J., Carcillo, J. A., Christ‐Crain, M., Cooper, M. S., et al. (2017) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002737 · Cited by 348
Caring for the Critically Ill Patient
Angus, D. C. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.4.456 · Cited by 344
Kumar, A., Safdar, N., Kethireddy, S., & Chateau, D. G. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181e96b91 · Cited by 335
Essential Role of MAPK Phosphatase-1 in the Negative Control of Innate Immune Responses
Salojin, K. V., Owusu, I. B., Millerchip, K. A., Potter, M. D., Platt, K. A., & Oravecz, T. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1899 · Cited by 333
Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli
Smith, J. L., Fratamico, P. M., & Gunther, N. W. (2007) · Foodborne Pathogens and Disease · doi:10.1089/fpd.2007.0087 · Cited by 333
Medical implications of melatonin: receptor-mediated and receptor-independent actions.
Reiter, R. J., Tan, D. X., Manchester, L. C., Terrón, M. P., Flores, L. J., & Koppisepi, S. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 331
Miró, J. M., Anguera, I., Cabell, C. H., Chen, A. Y., Stafford, J., Corey, G. R., Olaison, L., Eykyn, S. J., Hoen, B., Abrutyn, E., et al. (2005) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/431979 · Cited by 329
Cardiac dysfunction in severe sepsis and septic shock
Zanotti-Cavazzoni, S. L., & Hollenberg, S. M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Critical Care · doi:10.1097/mcc.0b013e3283307a4e · Cited by 334
Mariappan, P., Smith, G., Bariol, S. V., Moussa, S. A., & Tolley, D. A. (2005) · The Journal of Urology · doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000154350.78826.96 · Cited by 326
Mayr, F. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.851 · Cited by 324
Sex-and age-based differences in the delivery and outcomes of critical care
Fowler, R., Sabur, N. F., Li, P., Juurlink, D. N., Pinto, R. L., Hladunewich, M., Adhikari, N. K. J., Sibbald, W. J., & Martin, C. M. (2007) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.071112 · Cited by 319
Statins and sepsis in patients with cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort analysis
Hackam, D. G., Mamdani, M., Li, P., & Redelmeier, D. A. (2006) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68041-0 · Cited by 321
Vincent, J., Ramesh, M. K., Ernest, D., LaRosa, S. P., Pachl, J., Aikawa, N., Hoste, E. A. J., Levy, H. A., Hirman, J., Levi, M. M., et al. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828e9b03 · Cited by 315
Emerging fungal infections in immunocompromised patients
Low, C. Y., & Rotstein, C. (2011) · F1000 Medicine Reports · doi:10.3410/m3-14 · Cited by 314
Harnessing calcineurin as a novel anti-infective agent against invasive fungal infections.
Steinbach, W. J., Reedy, J. L., Cramer, R. A., Perfect, J. R., & Heitman, J. (2007) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1680 · Cited by 313
Morrow, D. A., Fang, J. C., Fintel, D. J., Granger, C. B., Katz, J. N., Kushner, F. G., Kuvin, J. T., López-Sendón, J., McAreavey, D., Nallamothu, B. K., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31826890b0 · Cited by 323
Vincent, J., Bernard, G. R., Beale, R. J., Doig, C. J., Putensen, C., Dhainaut, J.-F., Artigas, A., Fumagalli, R., Macias, W. L., Wright, T. J., et al. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000181729.46010.83 · Cited by 312
The evolution of fungal drug resistance: modulating the trajectory from genotype to phenotype.
Cowen, L. E. (2008) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1835 · Cited by 311
TAK-242 selectively suppresses Toll-like receptor 4-signaling mediated by the intracellular domain
Kawamoto, T., Ii, M., Kitazaki, T., Iizawa, Y., & Kimura, H. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.026 · Cited by 311
Implementation of an evidence-based “standard operating procedure” and outcome in septic shock*
Kortgen, A., Niederprüm, P., & Bauer, M. W. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000206112.32673.d4 · Cited by 308
Marshall, J. C., & Reinhart, K. (2009) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181a02afc · Cited by 316
Sepsis: Inflammation Is a Necessary Evil
Nedeva, C., Menassa, J., & Puthalakath, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2019.00108 · Cited by 315
A systematic survey of computer-aided diagnosis in medicine: Past and present developments
Yanase, J., & Triantaphyllou, E. (2019) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112821 · Cited by 303
Non-HACEK Gram-Negative Bacillus Endocarditis
Morpeth, S., Murdoch, D., Cabell, C. H., Karchmer, A. W., Pappas, P., Levine, D., Nacinovich, F., Tattevin, P., Fernández-Hidalgo, N., Dickerman, S., et al. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-147-12-200712180-00002 · Cited by 302
Time for a Neonatal-Specific Consensus Definition for Sepsis
Wynn, J. L., Wong, H. R., Shanley, T. P., Bizzarro, M. J., Saiman, L. M., & Polin, R. A. (2014) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000000157 · Cited by 302
Metadata
- Authors
- Martin, G. S., Mannino, D. M., Eaton, S., & Moss, M.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2003-04-17
- Volume
- 348
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1546-1554
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2145577370
- Cited by
- 5,841
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 67 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 149 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 167 · 2021: 253 · 2020: 231 · 2019: 211 · 2018: 226 · 2017: 329 · 2016: 292 · 2015: 341 · 2014: 381 · 2013: 436 · 2012: 365
- FWCI
- 123.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA R01-11660, R01AA011660)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL067739, HL K23-67739)
- National Center for Research Resources (L30 RR020488)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and Maternal Infections
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- PSIS, sepsis incidence, sepsis mortality, temporal trends, racial disparities, sex differences, Gram-positive bacteria, fungal infection, sepsis pathogens, organ failure, length of hospital stay, hospital discharge disposition, Black men, hospital discharge data, acute care hospitals, healthcare burden
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Multiple Organ Failure, Sex Factors, United States, Incidence, Survival Rate, Hospital Mortality, Sepsis, Racial Groups
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
