The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 11 of the 27 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: It is uncertain whether treatment of mild gestational diabetes mellitus improves pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: Women who were in the 24th to 31st week of gestation and who met the criteria for mild gestational diabetes mellitus (i.e., an abnormal result on an oral glucose-tolerance test but a fasting glucose level below 95 mg per deciliter [5.3 mmol per liter]) were randomly assigned to usual prenatal care (control group) or dietary intervention, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and insulin therapy, if necessary (treatment group). The primary outcome was a composite of stillbirth or perinatal death and neonatal complications, including hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and birth trauma. RESULTS: A total of 958 women were randomly assigned to a study group--485 to the treatment group and 473 to the control group. We observed no significant difference between groups in the frequency of the composite outcome (32.4% and 37.0% in the treatment and control groups, respectively; P=0.14). There were no perinatal deaths. However, there were significant reductions with treatment as compared with usual care in several prespecified secondary outcomes, including mean birth weight (3302 vs. 3408 g), neonatal fat mass (427 vs. 464 g), the frequency of large-for-gestational-age infants (7.1% vs. 14.5%), birth weight greater than 4000 g (5.9% vs. 14.3%), shoulder dystocia (1.5% vs. 4.0%), and cesarean delivery (26.9% vs. 33.8%). Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus, as compared with usual care, was also associated with reduced rates of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension (combined rates for the two conditions, 8.6% vs. 13.6%; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Although treatment of mild gestational diabetes mellitus did not significantly reduce the frequency of a composite outcome that included stillbirth or perinatal death and several neonatal complications, it did reduce the risks of fetal overgrowth, shoulder dystocia, cesarean delivery, and hypertensive disorders. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00069576.)
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Claims the paper makes
11 of 27 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Overall, consistent with findings from the ACHOIS trial, the findings from our trial confirm a modest benefit from the identification and treatment of women with mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy.8”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] source
The design and study population section describes women with glucose intolerance of pregnancy and excludes those with more severe impairment. The results section reports fewer serious perinatal complications with treatment (1% versus 4%), supporting the cited comparison with the ACHOIS trial. The citing authors' statement about findings from their own trial is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Women with gestational diabetes who have very elevated fasting blood glucose levels appear to be at an increased risk for fetal macrosomia and perinatal complications if treatment is not provide,5”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [5] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Two searches of Langer et al. (2005), “Gestational diabetes: The consequences of not treating,” returned no full-text snippets, and an abstract was not available in the provided tool results. The closest unscoped match, “Association Between Maternal Fasting Plasma Glucose Value and Fetal Weight Among Singletons of Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus” (score 0.687), discusses glucose and macrosomia but does not establish the claim about untreated patients or attribute it to Langer et al. The citation is plausible, but this evidence cannot directly confirm it or justify a misattribution verdict. (LLM, conf=0.58)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Consistent with the results of our trial, the ACHOIS trial also showed a reduction in the rate of shoulder dystocia when women with mild gestational diabetes mellitus received treatment (1%, vs. 3% in the untreated group).8”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] source
The secondary outcomes section (page unavailable) reports shoulder dystocia in 1% of the intervention group versus 3% of the routine-care group, matching the claimed numerical reduction. It also states that the difference was not statistically significant; the citing sentence does not claim significance. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The recent Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study, however, described a strong continuous association between maternal glucose concentrations and increasing birth weight, cord-blood serum C-peptide levels, and other markers of perinatal complications, even at glucose concentrations below those that are usually diagnostic of gestational diabetes mellitus.6”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [6] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there were significant reductions with treatment as compared with usual care in several prespecified secondary outcomes, including mean birth weight (3302 vs. 3408 g), neonatal fat mass (427 vs. 464 g), the frequency of large-for-gestational-age infants (7.1% vs. 14.5%), birth weight greater than 4000 g (5.9% vs. 14.3%), shoulder dystocia (1.5% vs. 4.0%), and cesarean delivery (26.9% vs.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, the frequency of small-for-gestational age infants and the frequency of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit did not differ significantly between the groups (Table 3).”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > PERINATAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adjustment for the baseline reported consumption of any alcohol did not materially affect the relative risk for the primary outcome (relative risk with treatment, 0.88; 97% CI, 0.72 to 1.07; P = 0.16).”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > PERINATAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there were significant reductions with treatment as compared with usual care in several prespecified secondary outcomes, including mean birth weight (3302 vs. 3408 g), neonatal fat mass (427 vs. 464 g), the frequency of large-for-gestational-age infants (7.1% vs. 14.5%), birth weight greater than 4000 g (5.9% vs. 14.3%), shoulder dystocia (1.5% vs. 4.0%), and cesarean delivery (26.9% vs.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > RESULTS
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rates of labor induction were similar between the treatment and control groups”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > MATERNAL OUTCOMES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 37 women in the treatment group required insulin therapy, as compared with 2 in the control group.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > MATERNAL OUTCOMES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 37Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
- It may state two separate claims as one. 12
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Women who met these criteria were randomly assigned by the coordinating center, with the use of the simple urn method,11 stratified by clinical center.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > METHODS > STUDY DESIGN
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] source
The citation identifies the randomization method, rather than sourcing the citing trial’s coordinating-center procedure. The Introduction describes urn randomization, and the Urn Design section discusses its use in stratified trials. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The results of the ACHOIS trial showed that treatment did not reduce the rates of symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia or jaundice requiring phototherapy.8”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The primary-outcomes results report no significant difference in jaundice requiring phototherapy. Table 4 in the secondary-outcomes section reports no significant reduction in neonatal hypoglycemia requiring IV therapy, but the paper does not identify that outcome as symptomatic hypoglycemia. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several professional organizations have recommended screening for gestational diabetes mellitus for most pregnant women despite little evidence that the identification and treatment of mild carbohydrate intolerance during pregnancy confer a benefit.1,7”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [1] 2006, Diabetes Care sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Diagnosis of GDM” section recommends testing women at average or high risk and says that earlier recommendations called for screening all pregnancies. It does not assess whether identifying and treating mild carbohydrate intolerance confers benefit, or establish recommendations by several professional organizations. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Supportedcites [7] 2001, Obstet Gynecol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Semantic Scholar returned no full-text snippets for ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 30, so its wording cannot be checked directly. However, the secondary review “Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force” says that ACOG and other organizations recommended screening most pregnant women, while evidence for benefits beyond reduced fetal macrosomia was insufficient (score 0.62). The Horvath review snippet (score 0.704) discusses whether treatment benefits justify screening, but does not establish that the recommendation was misattributed to ACOG. The claim is a reasonable paraphrase of the historical guidance and evidence gap, though the bulletin itself remains unverified. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Although gestational diabetes mellitus is a recognized marker for an increased risk of subsequent diabetes, its clinical significance with respect to various adverse pregnancy outcomes has been uncertain.2,4”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [2] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Two searches of Jovanovic’s 2001 JAMA paper, “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus,” returned no full-text snippets, so the attributed statement could not be checked directly. An unscoped search found the same general finding in “Characterization of Former Gestational Diabetes Mellitus” (score 0.711), but that does not show Jovanovic’s paper omits it or that the claim belongs exclusively to another source. The available evidence does not justify a misattribution verdict. (LLM, conf=0.62)
- Could not verifycites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Semantic Scholar does not index the cited Buchanan and Kjos (1999) paper, so its abstract and full text could not be checked. Other papers support the general claim: a retrospective account of Buchanan and Kjos’s research reports that women with gestational diabetes had a high risk of developing diabetes within five years (search score 0.592). That account does not establish that the specific 1999 paper makes the claim, and no distinct source met the threshold for misattribution. (LLM, conf=0.60)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS), a large, randomized trial of treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus, concluded that treatment reduces serious perinatal complications and may also improve health-related quality of life.8”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] source
The Conclusions state that treatment reduces serious perinatal morbidity and may improve women’s health-related quality of life. The Results report fewer serious perinatal complications in the intervention group (1% versus 4%) and quality-of-life scores consistent with improved health status. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both the body-mass index at delivery and weight gain from enrollment to delivery were lower among women in the treatment group than among those in the control group (Table 4).”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > MATERNAL OUTCOMES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there were significant reductions with treatment as compared with usual care in several prespecified secondary outcomes, including mean birth weight (3302 vs. 3408 g), neonatal fat mass (427 vs. 464 g), the frequency of large-for-gestational-age infants (7.1% vs. 14.5%), birth weight greater than 4000 g (5.9% vs. 14.3%), shoulder dystocia (1.5% vs. 4.0%), and cesarean delivery (26.9% vs.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > RESULTS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The individual rates of neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, birth trauma, and elevated cord-blood C-peptide level did not differ significantly between the two groups.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > PERINATAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOMES
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the course of the trial, an external data and safety monitoring committee periodically reviewed the trial results.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast with previous randomized trials involving women with gestational diabetes mellitus, we verified compliance with glycemic monitoring and documented whether target glucose thresholds were achieved.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All cases of hypertensive disorders and shoulder dystocia underwent masked central review by two of the authors to ensure that the diagnoses were accurate.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > METHODS > STUDY OUTCOMES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary analysis of the clinical trial was conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences in demographic variables or results of the oral glucose-tolerance test between the women in the treatment group and those in the control group.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > RESULTS > STUDY POPULATION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Associations among macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and the increased risk of brachial plexus injury in the offspring of women with diabetes are well documented.26”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [26] McFarland LV, 1986, Obstet Gynecol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall rate of preeclampsia in our study was substantially lower than that in the ACHOIS study, which is probably explained by our use of more stringent diagnostic criteria.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Naylor and colleagues suggested that simply the recognition that the mother has gestational diabetes mellitus may lead to a lower threshold for operative delivery, thus mitigating the potential benefits of treatment in reducing fetal overgrowth.24”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ACHOIS trial, however, included an ethnically homogeneous group of women who had a greater degree of hyperglycemia than that in our more diverse study population.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus, or the knowledge that it is present, has been reported to be associated with an increase in several adverse maternal outcomes.29”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are associated with an increased rate of maternal complications and are a major contributor to preterm delivery among women with gestational diabetes mellitus.30”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [30] Cousins L. Obstetric complications in diabetic pregnancies. In: Reece EA, Coustan DR, Gabbe SG, eds. Diabetes in women: adolescence, pregnancy, and menopause. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004:351-70.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite these findings, the 2008 guidelines of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force again concluded that current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance between benefit and harm with respect to the screening and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus.9”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 2008, Ann Intern Med source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Labor induction and cesarean delivery may be less commonly performed in academic medical centers, including the centers that participated in this study.”
§ A Multicenter, Randomized Trial of Treatment for Mild Gestational Diabetes > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the ACHOIS study, the composite endpoint (neonatal death, perinatal injury, hyperbilirubinemia, neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia) was significantly reduced with antihyperglycemic intervention, and there was also a lower weight gain (by 1.7 kg on average) and a lower incidence of LGA.”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—Recent Literature Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The expected bene fi ts of using IADPSG criteria to the offspring are inferred from intervention trials that focused on individuals with lower levels of hyperglycemia than those identi fi ed using older GDM diagnostic criteria. Those trials found modest bene fi ts, including reduced rates of largefor-gestational-age births and preeclampsia (211,212).”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [211]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that 80 -90% of participants being treated for mild GDM in these two randomized controlled trials could be managed with lifestyle therapy alone.”
From 2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [211]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of note, 80-90% of participants being treated for mild GDM in these two randomized controlled trials could be managed with lifestyle therapy alone.”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [194]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“women should be counselled that identification and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus defined by elevated glucose concentrations following a glucose load is supported by high quality evidence, 15 , 16”
From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( ADIPS ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This approach is based on available trial evidence, 15 , 16”
From Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society ( ADIPS ) 2025 consensus recommendations for the screening, diagnosis and classification of gestational diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Two randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in women with GDM demonstrated the improvement of these pregnancy outcomes in women identified with and treated for GDM compared with women left untreated [6,7].”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although in the original study treatment did not demonstrate a reduction in the incidence of the primary outcome compared to usual care”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“large for gestational age infants”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“shoulder dystocia”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“cesarean delivery”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“neonatal fat mass”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Treatment of mild GDM also reduced maternal gestational weight gain”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the primary study, treatment of mild GDM reduced the risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“macrosomia”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A number needed to treat was not calculated for the composite neonatal outcome, as this was not reduced by treatment in the original study.”
From Carpenter-Coustan Compared With National Diabetes Data Group Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The treatment of even mild forms of glucose intolerance in GDM offers an added benefit, as demonstrated by the Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) and Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network (MFMU).”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—Recent Literature Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In the MFMU study, no changes were noted in the composite endpoint, but the incidence of LGA and shoulder dystocia decreased significantly [2,29,30].”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus—Recent Literature Review (2022) · cites this paper as [29]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although two RCTs found that treatment of GDM can reduce perinatal morbidity (264,265), it is not known whether treatment reduces long-term risks in children.”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [265]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Those trials found modest benefits, including reduced rates of largefor-gestational-age births and preeclampsia (194,195).”
From 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [194]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Follow-up of the children in both these studies at 4 to 5 (264-266) and 7 years of age (267), respectively, failed to observe differences in limited indicators of child adiposity between children of mothers with treated GDM and those with untreated GDM.”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [265]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Blood glucose-lowering pharmacological therapy is effective at improving outcomes in women with gestational diabetes whose hyperglycemia does not respond sufficiently to lifestyle therapy (71, 82, 88–90).”
From Diabetes and Pregnancy: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline (2013) · cites this paper as [71]
In the citing paper
“Although the diagnostic tests and criteria used in the 2 RCTs differed substantially, treatment outcomes were quite similar (Table 1)”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Multiple benefits have been attributed to lifestyle interventions, including decreased risk of macrosomia, decreased neonatal adiposity, and increased likelihood to achieve postpartum weight goals.12,13,50”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is a cornerstone of therapy for all women with GDM, and approximately 80% to 90% of women are able to meet therapeutic targets with MNT alone.12,13”
From Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“which fits with other data showing that maternal glycemia relates to birth weight.21–23”
From Metformin in gestational diabetes: the offspring follow-up (MiG TOFU): body composition and metabolic outcomes at 7-9 years of age (2018) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“There are two randomized trials showing that treatment of mild GDM (predominantly with diet) compared with standard pregnancy care was associated with improved pregnancy outcomes (22,23)”
From Metformin in Gestational Diabetes: The Offspring Follow-Up (MiG TOFU) (2011) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“As shown in Table 3, the relative risk for some of the main adverse immediate outcomes were significantly reduced, by similar proportions of 40% to 60% for LGA and macrosomic babies and 30% to 40% for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, when mild GDM was recognized and treated.”
From One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better? (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“The Landon et al 29 study, a similar RCT to the ACHOIS study, but which used the more stringent diagnostic criteria of the 2-step procedure as long as the fasting plasma glucose was <95 mg/ dL, demonstrated a 51% reduction in LGA and a 37% reduction in preeclampsia and hypertensive disorders.Applying these reductions as above would yield relative risks of 1.16 for LGA Clinical Opinion ajog.org and”
From One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better? (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network study 29 was similar to ACHOIS in its design but used the Carpenter and Coustan criteria for the 100 g, 3-hour OGTT 9 as long as the fasting plasma glucose level was <95 mg/dL.”
From One-step or 2-step testing for gestational diabetes: which is better? (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“the two trials that focused on the treatment of”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Both studies found that treatment of GDM can reduce both serious adverse outcomes and the frequency of large babies (macrosomia) (174,175).”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Two randomized clinical trials have now demonstrated a benefit from the treatment of”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Both studies found that treatment of GDM can reduce both serious adverse outcomes and the frequency of large babies (macrosomia) (174,175).”
From Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus (2011) · cites this paper as [175]
In the citing paper
“Unlike our study, Metzger et al. [2], Crowther et al. [10] and Landon et al. [11] excluded women with greater degrees of hyperglycaemia.”
From Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Considering this, the prevalence of the various maternal adverse events is similar to the 'routine care' groups in the Crowther et al. [10] and Landon et al. [11] studies.”
From Atlantic Diabetes in Pregnancy (DIP): the prevalence and outcomes of gestational diabetes mellitus using new diagnostic criteria (2011) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Expected benefits to their pregnancies and offspring is inferred from intervention trials that focused on women with more mild hyperglycemia than identified using older GDM diagnostic criteria and that found modest benefits (15,16).”
From Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“It is important to note that 80–90% of women in both of the mild GDM studies (whose glucose values overlapped with the thresholds recommended herein) could be managed with lifestyle therapy alone.”
From Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (2013) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Positive fasting glucose-birthweight effects were also seen in the IV of glucose as an intermediate in an RCT57 and IV MR studies.55”
From Triangulation in aetiological epidemiology (2017) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Birth-weight cutoff differs between methods and results
MinorThe prespecified outcome excludes infants weighing exactly 4000 g, but the results describe an outcome that includes them. The text does not establish which cutoff was used for the reported comparison.
“Secondary prespecified neonatal outcome measures included birth weight greater than 4000 g”
“the frequency of large-for-gestational age infants and of infants with a birth weight of 4000 g or greater, were significantly reduced in the treatment group”
Birth-weight threshold changes at exactly 4000 g
MinorThe prespecified outcome excludes infants weighing exactly 4000 g, but the results describe the outcome as including them. The two definitions classify infants at that weight differently.
“Secondary prespecified neonatal outcome measures included birth weight greater than 4000 g, large size for gestational age”
“the frequency of large-for-gestational age infants and of infants with a birth weight of 4000 g or greater, were significantly reduced”
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Cites a retracted work: W4300627291
InfoThe cited work was retracted; the date of the notice is not on record.
Cited work W4300627291 · retraction date not known · this paper published 2009-10
Citations
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Lipid Fingerprinting in Mild versus Severe Forms of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gueuvoghlanian‐Silva, B. Y., Cordeiro, F. B., Lobo, T. F., Cataldi, T. R., Turco, E. G. L., Bertolla, R. P., Mattar, R., Torloni, M. R., & Daher, S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144027 · Cited by 9
“The complications associated with GDM can be reduced with adequate glycemic control [4].”
BackgroundLee, G. T., Satyan, M. T., Grothusen, J. D., Drummond, K., Hagen, G., Brown, C., & Satterwhite, C. L. (2017) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2017.1371692 · Cited by 8
“GDM reduces obstetric and neonatal morbidity [9,10],”
Popova, P., VASILEVA, L. B., Tkachuk, A., Puzanov, M. V., Bolotko, Y., Pustozerov, E., Gerasimov, A., Zazerskaya, I. E., Li, O. A., Vasilyeva, E. Y., et al. (2018) · Genetics Research · doi:10.1017/s0016672318000010 · Cited by 8
“…also be a result of the absence of treatment before the 34th week, as GDM is a well known risk factor for gestational hypertensive disorders (HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group et al., 2008) and treatment of GDM reduces the risk of preeclampsia and reduces lipid levels (Landon et al., 2009).”
BackgroundEgan, A. M., Hod, M., Mahmood, T. A., & Dunne, F. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.001 · Cited by 9
Poupon, P., Foussard, N., Helmer, C., Cougnard‐Grégoire, A., Rajaobelina, K., Delcourt, C., Lamireau, T., Haissaguerre, M., Blanco, L., Lugat, A., et al. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2019.07.003 · Cited by 7
Ultrasound Fetal Weight Estimation in Diabetic Pregnancies
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Normal foetal kidney volume in offspring of women treated for gestational diabetes
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The Use of Non-insulin Agents in Gestational Diabetes: Clinical Considerations in Tailoring Therapy
Blair, R. A., Rosenberg, E. A., & Palermo, N. E. (2019) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-019-1243-1 · Cited by 10
Reinders, P., Zoellner, Y., & Schneider, U. (2020) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2020.04.009 · Cited by 9
Latino, C., Gianatti, E. J., Mehta, S., Lo, J., Devine, A., & Christophersen, C. T. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04366-4 · Cited by 9
Le diabète gestationnel : diagnostic et prise en charge à court et à long terme
Vambergue, A. (2013) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.02.316 · Cited by 8
Mitanchez, D. (2010) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(10)70054-5 · Cited by 7
Endocrine Diseases of Pregnancy
Edlow, A. G., & Norwitz, E. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47912-7.00027-5 · Cited by 9
Renaming gestational diabetes mellitus: A psychosocial argument
Kalra, B., Gupta, Y., & Baruah, M. (2013) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.123539 · Cited by 8
“The two large trials evaluating women for short‐term maternal and neonatal outcomes had found that 80%‐90% of women were controlled on medical nutrition therapy alone.[9,10] Thereafter, some may not have diabetes for their rest of life and the others at variable time interval.”
BackgroundPedula, K. L., Hillier, T. A., Ogasawara, K. K., Vesco, K. K., Lubarsky, S., Oshiro, C. E. S., & VanMarter, J. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.105829 · Cited by 7
Maleki, M., Mousavi, P., Abedi, P., Rokhafroz, D., & Maraghi, E. (2023) · BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health · doi:10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000802 · Cited by 9
Parsaei, M., Dashtkoohi, M., Noorafrooz, M., Haddadi, M. R., Sepidarkish, M., Mardi-Mamaghani, A., Esmaeili, M., Shafaatdoost, M., Shizarpour, A., Moini, A., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-07079-6 · Cited by 9
Weingarten, S. J., Levy, A. T., Al‐Kouatly, H. B., & McLaren, R. A. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109038 · Cited by 7
Venkatesh, K. K., Huang, X., Shah, N. S., Landon, M. B., Grobman, W. A., & Khan, S. S. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-0060 · Cited by 7
Self-citationZJU index as a predictive biomarker of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort analysis
Xu, Z., Li, X., Wang, H., Xu, L., & Li, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1570771 · Cited by 9
Sun, B. H., Reynolds, K., Garland, M. A., McMahon, M., Saha, S. K., & Zhou, C. J. (2023) · Birth Defects Research · doi:10.1002/bdr2.2226 · Cited by 10
“GDM increases the risk of adverse effects on the health of newborns, including macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, and hypoglycemia (Crowther et al., 2005; Landon et al., 2009; Metzger et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVenkatesh, K. K., Wu, J., Trinh, A., Cross, S., Rice, D., Powe, C. E., Brindle, S., Andreatta, S., Bartholomew, A. B. C., MacPherson, C., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1777334 · Cited by 8
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New Diagnostic Criteria for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy Outcomes in Korea
Hur, K. Y. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2019.0247 · Cited by 7
Simmons, D. S. (2020) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13167 · Cited by 7
Davidson, S. J., de Jersey, S., Britten, F. L., Wolski, P., Sekar, R., & Callaway, L. K. (2021) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108696 · Cited by 7
Estimated impact of introduction of new diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus
Wit, L. D., Zijlmans, A. B., Rademaker, D., Naaktgeboren, C. A., DeVries, J. H., Franx, A., Painter, R. C., & van Rijn, B. B. (2021) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v12.i6.868 · Cited by 7
Association between gestational abnormal glucose tolerance and maternal‐fetal outcomes
Kung, W., Kuo, H., Lee, C., Zen, Y., Kong, L., & Lin, C. (2022) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.15350 · Cited by 7
“demonstrated that women diagnosed with GDM and treated with education, diet, and insulin had significantly lower rates of macrosomia and preeclampsia, relative to the control group.(34) Song et al.”
ResultLi, F., Liu, L., Hu, Y., Marx, C. M., & Liu, W. (2022) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-022-01438-z · Cited by 8
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“(8) 18,385 (17) 9899 (50) 15,438 (37) 1297 (18) 1862 (16) 695 (13) 1919 (31) 21,889 (33)”
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Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy
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Long-term Cardiovascular Disease After Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
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Maternal Obesity and Pregnancy
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Conséquences à long terme d’une exposition fœtale au diabète gestationnel
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Odds, risks and appropriate diagnosis of gestational diabetes
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Insulin Detemir in Pregnancy: A Small but Significant Step Forward?
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The use of a low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy: An evolving treatment paradigm
Moses, R. G., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2010) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.10.013 · Cited by 7
“Treatment of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (variously defined), with a lowering of maternal glucose levels, can reduce these risks [3,4].”
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“Effective lifestyle and breastfeeding support has been shown to reduce the risk of T2DM for non-Indigenous women and their children during (Landon et al. 2009; Crowther et al. 2005) and after pregnancy (Knowler 2002; Tuomilehto 2001; Pan 1997; O’Reilly et al.”
BackgroundEl-Shamy, F., El-Kholy, S. S., Labib, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2018-0011 · Cited by 7
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“Studies have consistently demonstrated a reduction in adverse outcomes when women are placed on insulin therapy compared with placebo, even in cases where GDM severity was characterized as mild.(2) There is overwhelming evidence for benefit in treating GDM,(3-5) but regrettably little consensus regarding optimal manag…”
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Long-Term Metabolic Consequences in Patients with a History of Gestational Diabetes
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Predictors and Clinical Implications of a False Negative Glucose Challenge Test in Pregnancy
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“01, and 3798 [4,185] ng/mL versus 5928 [3,341] ng/mL, p1⁄4 .”
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Pregnancy Outcome in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
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Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus
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Complications and risk factors of early-onset versus late-onset gestational diabetes mellitus
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“8 Similarly, in pregnant women with GDM use of dietary modifications, regular glucose checks, and insulin treatment from 24 to 34 weeks reported lower occurrence of perinatal complications, better postpartum quality of life, and lower rates of depression according to an interventional study.”
BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus in Cameroon: prevalence, risk factors and screening strategies
Sobngwi, E., Sobngwi-Tambekou, J. L., Katte, J.-C. N., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Balti, E. V., Kengne, A. P., Fezeu, L., Ditah, C. M., Tchatchoua, A. P., Dehayem, M. Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2023.1272333 · Cited by 6
“Detecting and treating GDM have bene fi ts in reducing fetal morbidity and mortality, as well as the future maternal risk of developing type 2 diabetes (7, 8).”
BackgroundGlucose circadian rhythm assessment in pregnant women for gestational diabetes screening
Bravo, R., Lee, K. H., Nazeer, S. A., Cornthwaite, J. A. A., Bartal, M. F., & Pedroza, C. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01636-x · Cited by 6
“Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a major contributor for preterm births [42], and we observed that those women with higher predicted values in both the univariate and three-covariate had a higher incidence of pre-eclampsia.”
Venkatesh, K. K., MacPherson, C., Clifton, R. G., Powe, C. E., Bartholomew, A. B. C., Gregory, D., Trinh, A., McAlearney, A. S., Fiechtner, L. G., Catalano, P. M., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091176 · Cited by 8
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“Proper timing of GDM treatment has been shown to reduce the incidence of macrosomia by more than 50% and that of shoulder dystocia by over 60% [7].”
Cong, J., Li, Q., Li, Y., Li, M., Shi, Y., Hu, P., Yin, X., Zhang, Q., Sheng, J., Li, J., et al. (2025) · Cell Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41421-025-00821-0 · Cited by 7
“Blood glucose levels were monitored throughout the prenatal period to con fi rm the occurrence and progression of diabetes.”
Kuo, C., Lin, M., Chen, S., Yen, I., Fan, K., Hsu, C.-Y., Lee, C., Chang, C.-H., Chang, Y., Tai, Y., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-0084 · Cited by 6
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Gestational glycaemia reflects lifelong glycaemia: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study
Yajnik, C. S., Bandyopadhyay, S. K., Bhat, D., Wagh, R. S. H., Yajnik, P., Ladkat, R., Coyaji, K., & Fall, C. H. D. (2025) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-025-06625-x · Cited by 6
“RCTs of intensive treatment for GDM have shown a reduction in the incidence of large for gestational age babies and associated obstetric problems, but such treatments failed to protect the offspring against childhood obesity and glucose intolerance [15–18].”
Meloncelli, N. J. L., Shipton, E. V., Doust, J. A., dʼEmden, M. C., McIntyre, D. H., Callaway, L. K., & de Jersey, S. (2022) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13601 · Cited by 6
Guo, Z., Ji, W., Yan, M., Shi, Y., Chen, T., Bai, F., Wu, Y., Guo, Z., & Song, L. (2024) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/ppe.13156 · Cited by 5
Chamberlain, C., Fredericks, B. L., McLean, A., Davis, B., Eades, S., Stewart, K., & Reid, C. M. (2013) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12148 · Cited by 6
Kutay, N. G., & Kutay, N. G. (2013) · Dicle Medical Journal / Dicle Tip Dergisi · doi:10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2013.03.0298 · Cited by 6
“Gestasyonel diabetes mellitusun erken gebelik haftalarında teşhisi ve tedavisiyle komplikasyonlar azaltılabilir [6,25], hem anne hem de bebeğin hayat kalitesi yükseltilebilir.”
BackgroundPrévention des facteurs de risque de la dystocie des épaules avant l’accouchement
Fuchs, F. (2015) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.09.050 · Cited by 6
Alexander, M., Gupta, A., & Mathad, J. S. (2019) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.18.0337 · Cited by 6
de Langarica, A. G. G., Hediger, H., Kaeppeli, B. M., & Keller‐Senn, A. (2022) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103367 · Cited by 10
Early versus Second-Trimester Screening and Treatment for Diabetes in Pregnancy
Greene, M. F. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2304543 · Cited by 6
Fang, C., Wu, S., Zhang, J., Tian, Q., Zhang, Z., & Wu, L. (2023) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-023-01209-0 · Cited by 7
“The possible reason may be related to the well-controlled blood glucose levels of GDM patients in the present study is that, the GDM patients received standard treatment for lifestyle adjustment and their blood glucose were well controlled during pregnancy [30].”
Nakanishi, S., Aoki, S., Kasai, J., Shindo, R., Obata, S., Hasegawa, Y., Mochimaru, A., Kurasawa, K., & Miyagi, E. (2023) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003230 · Cited by 7
Cosson, E., Tatulashvili, S., Vicaut, É., Pinto, S., Sal, M., Nachtergaele, C., Berkane, N., Benbara, A., Fermaut, M., Portal, J.-J., et al. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101469 · Cited by 7
Gică, N., & Huluță, I. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002793 · Cited by 9
Blunt, C., Mathew, S., Mung, S. M., Krishnamurthy, R., & Jude, E. B. (2024) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2024.102977 · Cited by 7
Is not testing a major change in clinical practice an ethical dilemma?
Della Forster, A., Moorhead, A. M., Jacobs, S. E., Amir, L. H., Walker, S. P., McEgan, K. M., Opie, G. F., McNamara, C., & Ford, R. (2011) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2010.03.003 · Cited by 6
Glycemic control during labor and delivery: a survey of academic centers in the United States
Grant, E. N., & Joshi, G. P. (2011) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-011-1972-0 · Cited by 6
Gestational diabetes: what’s new?
Murphy, H. R. (2010) · Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2010.08.014 · Cited by 6
Time Is Glucose, Can't Miss Gestational Diabetes
Festa, R., Carta, M., Ceriello, A., & Testa, R. (2012) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2011.0225 · Cited by 6
Is There a Threshold Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Value for Predicting Adverse Pregnancy Outcome?
Landon, M. B., Lai, Y., Klebanoff, M. A., Ramin, S., Wapner, R. J., Varner, M. W., Rouse, D. J., Sciscione, A. C., Catalano, P. M., Saade, G. R., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1543949 · Cited by 6
Self-citationPredictors of Preeclampsia in Women in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes(Mig) Study
Barrett, H. L. (2014) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000395 · Cited by 5
“This may be due to the mean BMI in the MiG cohort being in the obese range, giving a smaller range in maternal BMI than seen in other studies, or perhaps to the fact that all women in this cohort received treatment for GDM, which is known to reduce rates of PE [21,22].”
ResultBadakhsh, M. H., Khamseh, M. E., Malek, M., Shafiee, G., Aghili, R., Moghimi, S., Baradaran, H. R., & Seifoddin, M. (2011) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590.2011.633654 · Cited by 6
Landon, M. B. (2010) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767050903550683 · Cited by 6
“The controversy regarding treatment of GDM prompted the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal and Fetal Medicine Unit (MFMU) Network to design a randomized controlled trial to determine whether intervention reduces perinatal morbidity and obstetric complications [14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGestational Diabetes Testing: Making Sense of the Controversy
Salmeen, K. E. (2016) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12377 · Cited by 6
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Italian Perspectives on Risk Factor-Based Screening
Corrado, F., & Pintaudi, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56440-1_9 · Cited by 6
Harreiter, J., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2016) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift Education · doi:10.1007/s11812-016-0078-9 · Cited by 6
Farghaly, T., Helmy, N. A., Abbas, A. M., & Ahmed, A. G. M. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20184922 · Cited by 5
“Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as a condition of glucose intolerance that begins or first recognized during pregnancy.(1,2) The incidence of GDM is rising, parallel to the increase in maternal age, type II diabetes and obesity prevalence.”
BackgroundMaryns, A.-S., Dehaene, I., & Page, G. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 6
Salem, M. A., Zeid, W. A., & Ismail, M. A. R. (2019) · Suez Canal University Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/scumj.2019.65162 · Cited by 6
“The treatment of GDM has been reported to reduce some of the pregnancy and neonatal complications such as preeclampsia and fetal macrosomia(15).”
BackgroundPrevalens av diabetes blant gravide og svangerskapsutfall i Nordland og Troms 2004–15
Leeves, L. T., Andreasen, C. H., Marrable, S., Glasø, M. U., Rostad, M.-K., Olsen, I. P., & Bjørnerem, Å. (2019) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.18.0927 · Cited by 5
Gestational diabetes mellitus among Sub-Saharan African and Surinamese women in the Netherlands
Rademaker, D., van Schaijik, C. I., Oostvogels, A. J. J. M., van Rijn, B. B., Evers, I. M., DeVries, J. H., Agyemang, C. O., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., & Painter, R. C. (2020) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108367 · Cited by 8
Schütte, T., Kedziora, S. M., Haase, N., Herse, F., Busjahn, A., Birukov, A., Alenina, N. V., Müller, D. N., Bäder, M., Schupp, M., et al. (2020) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.16360 · Cited by 6
Time and mode of delivery in diabetic pregnancy: a review
Kapustin, R. V., Arzhanova, O. N., Николаевна, А. Е., & Glotov, A. (2020) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2020.1816718 · Cited by 6
Bastian, B., Smithers, L. G., Davis, W. S., Pape, A., & François, M. E. (2022) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.13513 · Cited by 7
McGovern, A. P., Hirwa, K. D., Wong, A. K., Holland, C. J. E., Mayne, I. K., Hashimi, A., Thompson, R. C., Creese, V., Havill, S., Sanders, T., et al. (2022) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14926 · Cited by 9
Primordial prevention: maternal health and diabetes
Seshiah, V., & Balaji, V. (2013) · Diabetes Management · doi:10.2217/dmt.13.24 · Cited by 6
Critères diagnostiques du diabète gestationnel
Cosson, E. (2010) · Journal de gynécologie, obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction. Supplément/Journal de gynécologie obstétrique et biologie de la reproduction · doi:10.1016/s0368-2315(10)70050-8 · Cited by 6
Treatment of gestational diabetes reduces obstetric morbidity
Zera, C., & Seely, E. W. (2010) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.265 · Cited by 6
“With the results of a large, multicenter, randomized controlled trial, Landon and colleagues have attempted to establish definitively that treatment of mild gestational diabetes mellitus improves perinatal outcomes”
BackgroundNeonatal complications following diabetes in pregnancy
Hawdon, J. M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3479-4.00022-2 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Landon, M. B., Spong, C. Y., Thom, E., Carpenter, M. W., Ramin, S. M., Casey, B., Wapner, R. J., Varner, M. W., Rouse, D. J., Thorp, J. M., Sciscione, A., Catalano, P., Harper, M., Saade, G., Lain, K. Y., Sorokin, Y., Peaceman, A. M., Tolosa, J. E., & Anderson, G. B.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Brown University (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Drexel University (US)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 361
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1339-1348
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC2804874
- OpenAlex
- W2000357287
- Cited by
- 2,122
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 145 · 2020: 150 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 122 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 119 · 2012: 121
- FWCI
- 145.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r24hd050924-06)
- National Center for Research Resources (C06RR011234, M01RR000080, UL1RR024989, UL1RR025755, UL1RR025764, M01RR000034)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD40512, HD53118, U01HD036801, R24 HD-050924, HD27917, U10HD040544, U10HD034208, HD-27915, U10HD040512, HD34116, UG1HD034116, HD40545, HD34136, (HD40500, UG1HD053097, U10HD027915, U10HD040545, U10HD040560, HD 40544, HD-27860, HD40560, HD53097, U10HD027917, U10HD036801, U10HD027860, U10HD021410, HD 34208, HD 36801, U10HD053097, U10HD034116, HD27869, [HD21410, U10HD040500, U10HD040485, U10HD053118, U10HD027869, U10HD034136, UG1HD034208, U24HD036801, UG1HD040500, UG1HD040512, UG1HD027869, UG1HD040544, UG1HD040485, UG1HD027915, UG1HD040560, UG1HD040545, HD 40485)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pregnancy and Medication Impact
- Keywords
- gestational diabetes mellitus, dietary intervention, self-monitoring of blood glucose, insulin therapy, perinatal outcomes, stillbirth, neonatal complications, birth weight, large for gestational age, shoulder dystocia, cesarean section, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, fetal overgrowth
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Birth Weight, Cesarean Section, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Fetal Macrosomia, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Insulin, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Outcome, Body Mass Index, Diabetes, Gestational, Premature Birth, Stillbirth, Perinatal Mortality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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