Cited by 2,527Obesity, Physical Activity, DietNutritional Studies and DietNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 76 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men

Open access

Mozaffarian, Dariush, Hao, Tao, Rimm, Eric B., Willett, Walter C., Hu, Frank B.·2011·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1014296PMC PMC3151731

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Specific dietary and other lifestyle behaviors may affect the success of the straightforward-sounding strategy "eat less and exercise more" for preventing long-term weight gain. METHODS: We performed prospective investigations involving three separate cohorts that included 120,877 U.S. women and men who were free of chronic diseases and not obese at baseline, with follow-up periods from 1986 to 2006, 1991 to 2003, and 1986 to 2006. The relationships between changes in lifestyle factors and weight change were evaluated at 4-year intervals, with multivariable adjustments made for age, baseline body-mass index for each period, and all lifestyle factors simultaneously. Cohort-specific and sex-specific results were similar and were pooled with the use of an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. RESULTS: Within each 4-year period, participants gained an average of 3.35 lb (5th to 95th percentile, -4.1 to 12.4). On the basis of increased daily servings of individual dietary components, 4-year weight change was most strongly associated with the intake of potato chips (1.69 lb), potatoes (1.28 lb), sugar-sweetened beverages (1.00 lb), unprocessed red meats (0.95 lb), and processed meats (0.93 lb) and was inversely associated with the intake of vegetables (-0.22 lb), whole grains (-0.37 lb), fruits (-0.49 lb), nuts (-0.57 lb), and yogurt (-0.82 lb) (P≤0.005 for each comparison). Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change). Other lifestyle factors were also independently associated with weight change (P<0.001), including physical activity (-1.76 lb across quintiles); alcohol use (0.41 lb per drink per day), smoking (new quitters, 5.17 lb; former smokers, 0.14 lb), sleep (more weight gain with <6 or >8 hours of sleep), and television watching (0.31 lb per hour per day). CONCLUSIONS: Specific dietary and lifestyle factors are independently associated with long-term weight gain, with a substantial aggregate effect and implications for strategies to prevent obesity. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1056/nejmoa1014296

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 76 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aggregate dietary changes were associated with substantial differences in weight change (3.93 lb across quintiles of dietary change).”
- Also stated in: § RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES · plain
  “with a 3.93-lb greater weight gain across quintiles (Table 3).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“intake of potato chips (1.69 lb)”
- Also stated in: § RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIETARY CHANGES AND WEIGHT CHANGES · plain
  “increases in the consumption of potato chips (1.69 lb)”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > RESULTS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“In addition, our findings were broadly consistent with cross-sectional national trends with respect to diet and obesity”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“even modest increases in weight have implications for long-term adiposity-related metabolic dysfunction, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.21–24”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our findings with regard to sugar-sweetened beverages are consistent with the results of prior observational studies and short-term interventions.7,32,33”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Wolff E, 2008, Medscape J Med
- Not checked yetcites [32] source
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consumption of processed foods that are higher in starches, refined grains, fats, and sugars can increase weight gain.28–30”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Ello-Martin JA, 2007, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Ledikwe JH, 2007, Am J Clin Nutr source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“consumption of starches and refined grains may be less satiating, increasing subsequent hunger signals and total caloric intake, as compared with equivalent numbers of calories obtained from less processed, higher-fiber foods that also contain healthy fats and protein.27”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Prevalent (current) levels of physical activity are inconsistently related to weight change, with associations observed only for subgroups of persons14 or subtypes of activities.12”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In controlled interventions, decreased television watching reduced weight gain in children,16,17 an effect that was mediated more by improvements in dietary habits than by a change in physical activity.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anthropometric measurements and weight changes strongly predict disease outcomes in these cohorts.20–26”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > WEIGHT CHANGES
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] source
- Not checked yetcites [21] source
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
- Not checked yetcites [25] source
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Smoking may also adversely alter the distribution of body fat, promoting visceral rather than femoral or subcutaneous fat deposition”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Decreases in sleep duration are concordant with the U.S. obesity epidemic.18,19,53”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
- Not checked yetcites [53]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“Data from cross-sectional studies and some prospective studies, including a prior analysis of NHS data, support the relationship of shorter sleep duration with obesity.18”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A habitual energy imbalance of about 50 to 100 kcal per day may be sufficient to cause the gradual weight gain seen in most persons.57,58”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] source
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“between 1971 and 2004, the average dietary intake of calories in the United States increased by 22% among women and by 10% among men, primarily owing to the increased consumption of refined carbohydrates, starches, and sugar-sweetened beverages.39”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“In short-term trials, reduced sleep alters leptin, ghrelin, subjective hunger, and preferences for calorie-dense, refined-carbohydrate foods.19”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
In the paper
“thus, even in the setting of lower total weight, active smoking has adverse metabolic consequences, as evidenced, for example, by its links to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. 55”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

It may state two separate claims as one. 38
The quote only partly states this claim. 4
Probably not a substantial claim. 29

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings for all lifestyle factors were generally similar in analyses stratified according to age or baseline body-mass index”
- Also stated in: § ADDITIONAL ANALYSES · plain
  “although the magnitude of associated weight change was generally larger among overweight persons”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > RESULTS > ADDITIONAL ANALYSES
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Average long-term weight gain in nonobese populations is gradual — in the cohorts we studied, about 0.8 lb per year”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight gain often occurs gradually over decades, about 1 lb per year.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that multiple lifestyle changes were independently associated with long-term weight gain, including changes in the consumption of specific foods and beverages, physical activity, alcohol use, television watching, and smoking habits.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Different lifestyle behaviors have often been evaluated separately, limiting relative comparisons or quantification of combined effects.
- Rests on an assumption: Changes in behavior over time are more relevant than current behaviors for long-term weight gain and prevention.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Weight-loss trials1–3 have typically enrolled obese or overweight persons who attempted substantial short-term weight loss on specialized diets, thus limiting the generalizability of the findings to nonobese populations and to the factors that determine long-term, gradual weight gain.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] source
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, weight change is the best population metric of energy imbalance and at least partly captures energy intake after adjustment for determinants of expenditure (e.g., age, body-mass index, and physical activity).”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended.
In the paper
“possibly because these beverages may be consumed in smaller servings than are sugar-sweetened beverages or in different patterns (i.e., single rather than multiple servings).33”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we censored data for participants after they reached 65 years of age or if they received a diagnosis of chronic pulmonary, renal, or liver disease or of cancer other than nonmelanoma skin cancer (3 to 4% of participants); data were censored 6 years before diagnosis to account for preclinical disease.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > METHODS > STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Age-related loss of lean muscle mass can confound associations of lifestyle with weight gain at older ages.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these relationships must be mediated by changes in energy intake, energy expenditure, or both.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: fails
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Physical activity should also influence long-term weight gain, but evidence to support this expectation has been surprisingly inconsistent.11–14”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Potential mechanisms for these findings are unclear; intriguing evidence suggests that changes in colonic bacteria might influence weight gain.31”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Short-term controlled trials suggest that liquids are less satiating than solid foods, increasing the total amount of energy consumed.38”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a previous analysis of alcohol consumption in relation to weight change in the NHS II cohort over a period of 8 years, the smallest weight gain was seen among women who remained moderate drinkers.36”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets, and processed foods may make it harder to do so, whereas the consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables might make it easier.4–10”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Ello-Martin JA, 2005, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [5] source
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Wolff E, 2008, Medscape J Med
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Liu S, 2003, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings have been inconsistent in prior studies of alcohol use and weight gain.34–37”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Liu S, 1994, Am J Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Wannamethee SG, 2003, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [36] source
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Television watching appears to encourage snacking during viewing and also influences food choices both during viewing and at other times.46–52”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
- Not checked yetcites [48] source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Temple JL, 2007, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
- Not checked yetcites [51] source
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As seen in prior analyses of sugar-sweetened beverages,33 changes in lifestyle may be most relevant for weight gain.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, the duration of television viewing and of sleep may influence energy consumption, energy expenditure, or both.15–19”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > Abstract > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
- Not checked yetcites [16] source
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“between 1965 and 2002, U.S. beverage consumption increased from 11.8 to 21.0% of all calories consumed — 222 more kilocalories per person per day — with sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol accounting for 60% and 32% of the increase, respectively.39”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prior analyses of HPFS data showed associations similar to ours for the overall categories of whole-fat and low-fat dairy products,40 but subtypes (e.g., milk, cheese, and butter) were not evaluated independently.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Rajpathak SN, 2006, Am J Clin Nutr source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Limited short-term studies of dairy foods and satiety or weight change have had inconsistent results.44,45”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] source
- Not checked yetcites [45] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Among Swedish women, higher intakes of whole milk and cheese were inversely associated with weight gain; as in our study, significant associations with weight gain were not seen for other dairy foods.41”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Rosell M, 2006, Am J Clin Nutr source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In several long-term studies, inverse associations between dairy consumption and the risk of insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, or diabetes were observed,42,43 but potential mediating effects on weight change were not evaluated.”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] source
- Not checked yetcites [43]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“active smokers are at higher risk for cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes than are former smokers.54”
§ Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Office on Smoking and Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Women and smoking: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, March 2001.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.

61 of 61

The paper relies on this without support.
Weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended.
“Since weight stability requires a balance between calories consumed and calories expended”
The paper relies on this without support.
Weight gain often occurs gradually over decades, about 1 lb per year.
“weight gain often occurs gradually over decades (about 1 lb per year)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Different lifestyle behaviors have often been evaluated separately, limiting relative comparisons or quantification of combined effects.
“Different lifestyle behaviors have often been evaluated separately, thus limiting relative comparisons or the quantification of combined effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Changes in behavior over time are more relevant than current behaviors for long-term weight gain and prevention.
“most studies of long-term weight gain have evaluated current behaviors, but changes in behavior over time may be more relevant in terms of both their biologic effects on long-term weight gain and their translation into prevention strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Age-related loss of lean muscle mass can confound associations of lifestyle with weight gain at older ages.
“given possible confounding due to age-related loss of lean muscle mass”
The paper relies on this without support.
Persons may achieve a new steady-state weight within months after a change in regular physical activity, diet, or other lifestyle habits.
“Persons may achieve a new steady-state weight within months after a change in regular physical activity, diet, or other lifestyle habits”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many prior studies of television watching and obesity have been cross-sectional, limiting the ability to make inferences about which came first.
“Many prior studies of television watching and obesity have been cross-sectional, limiting the ability to make inferences about which came first.”

7 of 7

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Self-citation
Weight Loss with a Low-Carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low-Fat Diet
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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797
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Authors: Mozaffarian, D., Hao, T., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Harvard University (US)
ORCID: Mozaffarian, Dariush
Rimm, Eric B.
Willett, Walter C.
Hu, Frank B.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2011-06-23
Volume: 364
Issue: 25
Pages: 2392-2404
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1014296
PMC: PMC3151731
OpenAlex: W2160517070
Cited by: 2,527
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 106 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 192 · 2018: 176 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 199 · 2015: 200 · 2014: 226 · 2013: 180 · 2012: 151
FWCI: 28.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Searle Scholars Program
National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL60712, R01HL060712, R01HL035464, HL35464, HL085710, R01HL085710)
National Cancer Institute (R01CA095589, CA95589, CA-87969, CA-55075, P01CA087969, CA50385, P01CA055075, R01CA050385)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK058845, P30DK046200, R01DK056690, DK58845, P30DK040561, DK46200.)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: weight gain prevention, dietary change, lifestyle factors, potato chips, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meat, vegetable consumption, whole grains, fruit and vegetable intake, nuts, yogurt, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, sleep duration, television viewing, obesity prevention, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep, Smoking, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain, Health Behavior, Exercise, Multivariate Analysis

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Changes in Diet and Lifestyle and Long-Term Weight Gain in Women and Men

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