The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 12 of the 16 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Open accessAbstract
Trial of dapagliflozin in chronic kidney disease with or without type 2 diabetes.
Overview
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Claims the paper makes
12 of 16 cited sources checked · 11 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The kidney-protective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors have previously been shown in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease in the CREDENCE trial.10”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 2295-306. source
The Methods identify CREDENCE as a trial of canagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease. The Discussion reports a lower risk of major renal outcomes with canagliflozin than with placebo. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The lower risk of hospitalization for heart failure or death from cardiovascular causes in the dapagliflozin group than in the placebo group is consistent with the results of two previous trials of dapagliflozin, the DECLARE-TIMI 58 (Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 58) and DAPA-HF (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [9] 9. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular out- comes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 347-57. source
The Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes section reports that DECLARE-TIMI 58 found a lower rate of cardiovascular death or heart-failure hospitalization with dapagliflozin than with placebo. This supports the part of the citing sentence attributed to this paper: the DECLARE-TIMI 58 result. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [18] 18. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 1995-2008. source
This source is the DAPA-HF trial, so it supports the DAPA-HF part of the comparison. Its Outcomes section (p. 6) reports a lower risk of the composite of heart-failure hospitalization or cardiovascular death with dapagliflozin than with placebo. It does not need to establish the separate DECLARE-TIMI 58 result to support its role as the DAPA-HF citation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) trial showed that long-term administration of canagliflozin conferred renal and cardiovascular protection in patients with type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease.10”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 2295-306. source
The Results report lower risks of renal outcomes and cardiovascular events with canagliflozin than with placebo. The Discussion identifies the CREDENCE population as patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease; median follow-up was 2.62 years. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As in other trials of SGLT2 inhibitors, there was an initial dip in the estimated GFR, followed by a stabilization of kidney-function decline.7,8,10”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] 7. Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin and progression of kid- ney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 323-34. source
The Renal Function over Time section reports an initial eGFR decrease in the empagliflozin groups, followed by stable eGFR during long-term treatment, while eGFR declined in the placebo group. The Discussion describes the same short-term decrease followed by stabilization. Page numbers are not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 644-57. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Renal Outcomes section reports fewer sustained 40% eGFR reductions with canagliflozin than with placebo, supporting a general kidney-protective effect. It does not report an initial eGFR dip followed by stabilization of the rate of decline; searches for those terms and for longitudinal eGFR changes found no such passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 2295-306. source
The Effect on Intermediate Outcomes section reports a greater estimated-GFR reduction with canagliflozin during the first three weeks, followed by a slower decline than with placebo. This supports the described initial dip and subsequent stabilization of the rate of kidney-function decline in this trial. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Clinical trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors have shown similar results.8,10,19”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] 8. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 644-57. source
The discussion passage under the RAAS heading (page not provided) says the cardiovascular and renal outcomes in the canagliflozin trials were similar to those previously observed with the SGLT2 inhibitor class. That supports the claim that trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors showed similar results. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [10] 10. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019; 380: 2295-306. source
The Results report that the CREDENCE trial found lower risks of kidney failure and cardiovascular events with canagliflozin than with placebo. The Discussion also describes its cardiovascular findings as consistent with trials of other SGLT2 inhibitors. This paper therefore supports the broad claim that another SGLT2-inhibitor trial showed similar results. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [19] 19. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2117-28. source
The Results (p. 1) report a clinical trial in which empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, reduced the primary cardiovascular outcome and several mortality-related outcomes compared with placebo. This paper supplies the empagliflozin trial as one example in the citing sentence’s group of cited trials; it does not establish the results of the other cited trials. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Estimated GFR of <15 ml/min/1.73m 2 84/2152 (3.9) 1.9 120/2152 (5.6) 2.8 0.67 (0.51-0.88)NA”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Efficacy Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Composite of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure 100/2152 (4.6) 2.2 138/2152 (6.4) 3.0 0.71 (0.55-0.92) 0.009”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Efficacy Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decline in estimated GFR of ≥50% 112/2152 (5.2) 2.6 201/2152 (9.3) 4.8 0.53 (0.42-0.67)NA”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Efficacy Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The number of participants who needed to be treated during the trial period to prevent one primary outcome event was 19 (95% CI, 15 to 27).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Efficacy Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Death occurred in 101 participants (4.7%) in the dapagliflozin group and 146 participants (6.8%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.88; P = 0.004).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In that trial, as in most previous cardiovascular outcome trials of SGLT2 inhibitors, the lower estimated GFR cutoff for inclusion was 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 .16”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] 16. Neuen BL, Young T, Heerspink HJL, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for the prevention of kidney failure in patients with type 2 dia- betes: a systematic review and meta-analy- sis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7: 845-54. source
The Results state that an eGFR of at least 30 mL/min per 1.73 m² was an inclusion criterion in all included studies except DECLARE-TIMI 58. This covers CREDENCE and most of the earlier cardiovascular outcome trials. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We did not collect estimated GFR values after the completion of the trial and are unable to ascertain whether the initial dip in the estimated GFR is reversible after the discontinuation of dapagliflozin, as observed in other dapagliflozin studies.20”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [20] 20. Pollock C, Stefánsson B, Reyner D, et al. Albuminuria-lowering effect of dapa- gliflozin alone and in combination with saxagliptin and effect of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (DELIGHT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7: 429- 41. source
The citation supports the final clause, “as observed in other dapagliflozin studies,” rather than the citing authors’ statement about what their own trial did not collect. The cited paper’s Results report that its initial eGFR reduction was completely reversible after treatment discontinuation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of dapagliflozin were similar in participants with type 2 diabetes and in those without type 2 diabetes.”
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Outcomes · hedged
“The effect of dapagliflozin on the primary outcome was generally consistent across prespecified subgroups (Fig. 2).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Efficacy Outcomes · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetic ketoacidosis was not reported in any participants who received dapagliflozin and in two participants who received placebo.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Safety Outcomes and Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 2Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither diabetic ketoacidosis nor severe hypoglycemia was observed in participants without type 2 diabetes.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Safety Outcomes and Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the conclusion of the trial, the median follow-up was 2.4 years (interquartile range, 2.0 to 2.7).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Participants and Follow-up
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was one confirmed case of Fournier's gangrene in the placebo group and none in the dapagliflozin group.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Safety Outcomes and Adverse Events
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedSingle caseTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After a regular review meeting on March 26, 2020, the independent data monitoring committee recommended to the two coprincipal investigators (the first and last authors) that the trial be discontinued because of clear efficacy, on the basis of 408 primary outcome events.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Participants and Follow-up
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to the CREDENCE trial, the present trial examined the effects of an SGLT2 inhibitor in patients with chronic kidney disease of whom 32.5% did not have type 2 diabetes and 14.5% had an estimated GFR below 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 .”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thereafter, the annual change in the mean estimated GFR was smaller with dapagliflozin than with placebo (-1.67±0.11and -3.59±0.11ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 , respectively), for a between-group difference of 1.92 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 per year (95% CI, 1.61 to 2.24).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Efficacy Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, those who received dapagliflozin had a lower risk of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure and had longer survival.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We estimated that 681 primary outcome events would be needed to detect a 22% lower relative risk in the dapagliflozin group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio of 0.78), with 90% power using a two-sided alpha level of 0.05 and assuming an annual event rate for the primary outcome of 7.5% in the placebo group.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Until recently, the only classes of medication that have been shown to slow a decline in kidney function were angiotensin-convertingenzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs); however, most of the evidence was generated in patients with type 2 diabetes.[3][4][5][6]”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [3][4][5][6]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first and last authors vouch for the completeness and accuracy of the data and for the fidelity of the trial to the protocol.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Design and Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings from the present trial confirm the high mortality among patients with impaired kidney function.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants and all trial personnel (except the members of the independent data monitoring committee) were unaware of the trial-group assignments.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors decrease glycated hemoglobin levels and have shown favorable effects on kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in large clinical trials involving patients with type 2 diabetes.[7][8][9]”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [7][8][9]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all, 4289 participants (99.7%) completed the trial (i.e., were alive with follow-up data available at the trial completion visit or had died during follow-up).A total of 11 participants (0.3%) withdrew consent, and vital status was ascertained for all but 5 participants (0.1%).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Participants and Follow-up
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4,289Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The safety of the participants was overseen by an independent data monitoring committee.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Design and Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The primary efficacy analysis was based on the intention-to-treat population”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Statistical Analysis
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Investigators used an interactive voice-response or Web-response system to determine trial-group assignments.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An independent committee whose members were unaware of the trial-group assignments adjudicated all primary and secondary outcomes, except for a sustained decline in the estimated GFR of at least 50% and a sustained estimated GFR of less than 15 ml per minute per 1.73 m 2 , which were ascertained from central laboratory measurements.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization was stratified according to the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (yes or no) and the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (≤1000 or >1000).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Procedures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Our trial confirms that the kidneyprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors extend to the broader population of persons with chronic kidney disease without type 2 diabetes, for whom ACE inhibitors are the only pharmacologic treatments that have been shown to prevent kidney failure.3,4”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] 3. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G, et al. Renoprotective properties of ACE-inhi- bition in non-diabetic nephropathies with non-nephrotic proteinuria. Lancet 1999; 354: 359-64. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for ad- vanced chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 131-40. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial; details regarding the trial design and baseline characteristics of the participants have been published previously.14,15”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Design and Oversight
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analyses that were conducted by the sponsor were replicated by an independent academic group at the University Medical Center Groningen.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Design and Oversight
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dapagliflozin and placebo were packaged identically, with uniform tablet appearance, labeling, and administration schedules.”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Trial Procedures
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Dapagliflozin was discontinued for reasons other than death in 274 participants, and placebo was discontinued in 309 participants (12.7% and 14.4%, respectively).”
§ Dapagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease > Participants and Follow-up
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 274Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
At the time of the study, it was unknown how dapagliflozin would affect people with chronic kidney disease, whether or not they had type 2 diabetes.
“The effect of dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease, with or without type 2 diabetes, is not known.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The early fall in estimated GFR is due to beneficial hemodynamic effects in the glomerulus.
“This dip in the estimated GFR reflects favorable hemodynamic changes in the glomerulus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Among 4304 participants, with or without type 2 diabetes, with an eGFR between 25 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 and proteinuria (a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio of 22.6-565.6 mg/mmol) who were randomly assigned to dapagliflozin 10 mg daily or placebo, the primary composite outcome of a sustained decline in eGFR of at least 50%, end-stage kidney disease, or death from renal or CV causes was reduced”
From CCS/CHFS Heart Failure Guidelines Update: Defining a New Pharmacologic Standard of Care for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The DAPA-CKD trial of dapagliflozin required participants to have a urinary ACR of 200 mg/g and an eGFR of 25 to 75 ml per minute per 1.73 m2. It included 1398 participants without diabetes and 624 participants with an eGFR below 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2.7”
From Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Finally, all-cause mortality was decreased in the dapagliflozin group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.004).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone, a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, also reduce albuminuria in clinical trials of advanced diabetic kidney disease (471-473).”
From Guidelines and Recommendations for Laboratory Analysis in the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes Mellitus (2023) · cites this paper as [472]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of note, in the CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD trials, kidney outcomes were the primary outcome evaluated.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Direct evidence is provided by the DAPA-CKD, SCORED, EMPEROR-Reduced, and EMPEROR-Preserved trials, which enrolled such participants by design.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, notably, SGLT2i have been studied among patients without T2D who have CKD in the DAPA-CKD trial (and the soonto-be-published EMPA-KIDNEY trial) or who have heart failure (in the DAPA-HF, EMPEROR-Reduced, and EMPEROR-Preserved trials) and did not confer any increased risk of severe hypoglycemia or diabetic ketoacidosis among individuals without T2D.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Protocols of multiple RCTs, including CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD, speci fi ed continuation of study drug (active or placebo) even when observed eGFR dropped below the eligibility threshold speci fi ed for initiation.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Previous studies assessing SGLT-2 inhibitors in patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes, such as CREDENCE or DAPA-CKD, included patient populations representing a substantially smaller part of the CKD spectrum than the FIDELITY analysis.”
From Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Finally, allcause mortality was decreased in the dapagliflozin group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.004).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [127]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Clinical studies have demonstrated the cardiovascular and kidney benefits of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA, especially the Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) and the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) trials, which were specially designed to focus on patients with CKD.6,8”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“To date, two clinical trials with primary kidney disease outcomes using canagliflozin and dapagliflozin (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation [CREDENCE] and Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease [DAPA-CKD]) demonstrated significant benefit for composite outcomes including end points of substantial eGFR decl”
From Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“including the DAPA-CKD trial (which provided clear evidence of efficacy and safety for dapagliflozin in patients with eGFR ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ACR ≥200 mg/g)”
From Diabetes management in chronic kidney disease: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“All-cause mortality was also significantly reduced (HR, 0.69; [95% CI 0.53-0.88]; P = 0.004) and the safety profile of dapagliflozin was confirmed in this group.”
From CCS/CHFS Heart Failure Guidelines Update: Defining a New Pharmacologic Standard of Care for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The hazard ratio for the composite of death from CV causes or HHF was 0.71 ([95% CI 0.55-0.92]; P = 0.009).”
From CCS/CHFS Heart Failure Guidelines Update: Defining a New Pharmacologic Standard of Care for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In patients with diabetic kidney disease with increased levels of albuminuria, large placebo-controlled trials have shown that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors,3–5 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors,6,7 and the non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone8,9 all reduced the risk of progression to kidney failure.”
From Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A prespecified subgroup analysis from a trial of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in patients with CKD and a urinary ACR of at least 200 mg/g, found that kidney benefits extended to patients without diabetes”
From Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“but there was limited information from patients with an estimated GFR (eGFR) below 30 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 or on how these benefits might vary among the wider range of patients with CKD.7,12,13”
From Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The effect of SGLT2 inhibition on kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death seen in the present trial is quantitatively similar to that seen in two other large placebo-controlled trials in CKD populations.6,7”
From Empagliflozin in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HR for the kidney composite of a sustained decline in eGFR of $50%, ESKD, or death from renal causes was 0.56 (95% CI 0.45-0.68;P < 0.001).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HR for the composite of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure was 0.71 (95% CI 0.55-0.92;P = 0.009).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There was a significant benefit by dapagliflozin for the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR] 0.61 [95% CI 0.51-0.72];P < 0.001) (114).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [114]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials, such as EMPEROR-REDUCED (empagliflozin) and DAPA-CKD (dapagliflozin), have shown that SGLT-2 inhibitors have benefits in patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease, regardless of the presence of diabetes.38,39”
From Tirzepatide: Clinical review of the twincretin injectable (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The DAPA-CKD 94 and SCORED 96 trials enrolled CKD patients with an eGFR down to as low as 25 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 .”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“dapagli fl ozin reduced the risk of the secondary cardiovascular outcome of death from cardiovascular cause or hospitalization for heart failure by 29% (HR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.55 -0.92).”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Findings were similar among patients with and without T2D.”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Over a median of 2.4 years, dapagli fl ozin reduced the primary kidney outcome by 39% (HR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.51 -0.72).”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, the evidence is particularly strong for the population corresponding to the CREDENCE and DAPACKD studies (ACR > 200 -300 mg/g [ > 20 -30 mg/mmol] and eGFR > 25 -30 and < 75 -90 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 .”
From KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There was a significant benefit by dapagliflozin for the primary end point (HR 0.61 [95% CI 0.51-0.72];P < 0.001) (127).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [127]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HR for the composite of death from cardiovascular causes or hospitalization for heart failure was 0.71 (95% CI 0.55-0.92;P = 0.009).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [127]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HR for the kidney composite of a sustained decline in eGFR of ≥50%, kidney failure, or death from kidney causes was 0.56 (95% CI 0.45-0.68;P < 0.001).”
From 11. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [127]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Further studies have shown renoprotective effects of dapagliflozin (259).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [259]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Large clinical trials have shown benefits of newer glucose-lowering medications on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with CKD with type 2 diabetes.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Five large randomized clinical trials (the EMPA-REG OUTCOME, the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study [CANVAS], the Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 58 [DECLARE–TIMI 58], CREDENCE, and DAPA-CKD) demonstrated cardiovascular benefits, and kidney protective benefits of SGLT2i.5, 6, 7, 8,11,12,34”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, significant benefits of SGLT2i were shown among the subgroup patients (aged greater than or equal to 65 years) in the study of EMPAREG, CANVAS, DECLARE, and DAPA-CKD.6, 7, 8,11,12,34”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The 2 clinical trials, CREDENCE and DAPA-CKD, which specifically focused on patients with CKD, showed that risk of UTIs with SGLT2i was similar to that with placebo.6,8”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have been shown to reduce the risk of hospitalizations for heart failure in 8 large-scale trials, including those that focused on type 2 diabetes, heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction, and chronic kidney disease.1–8”
From Effect of Empagliflozin on the Clinical Stability of Patients With Heart Failure and a Reduced Ejection Fraction: The EMPEROR-Reduced Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“Treatment with dapagliflozin reduces adverse kidney events and decreases mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).9”
From Association of race/ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor use among patients with diabetes in the US (2021) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, SGLT2i have been studied specifically among patients with CKD with or without T2D in 3 completed primary kidney outcome trials (CREDENCE[15], DAPA-CKD[16], and EMPA-KIDNEY[17]), which showed benefit for both a significant reduction in the primary kidney outcomes and cardiovascular outcomes [18,19].”
From Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetic kidney disease: a review of their kidney and heart protection (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The DAPA-CKD and FIDELIO trials enrolled patients with eGFR ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2 and the EMPA-KIDNEY trial enrolled patients with eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73 m2; results demonstrated that dapagliflozin, finerenone and empagliflozin are effective and safe in these patients, although safety data are lacking for initiating therapy below these thresholds [16,17,22].”
From Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetic kidney disease: a review of their kidney and heart protection (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“This is in contrast to SGLT2i where there have been 3 dedicated kidney outcome trials that specifically enrolled a CKD population.”
From Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in diabetic kidney disease: a review of their kidney and heart protection (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Large trials have also shown that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of kidney disease progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and proteinuric chronic kidney disease,1, 6, 7, 8”
In the citing paper
“the DAPA-CKD trial in patients with proteinuric chronic kidney disease reported just 109 kidney disease progression outcomes in patients without diabetes.1, 8, 10”
In the citing paper
“A total of 489 kidney disease progression outcomes accrued in those with an eGFR less than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2 in those two trials.”
In the citing paper
“efficacy and safety data from EMPA-KIDNEY and DAPA-CKD combined include information on nearly 3000 patients with an eGFR of 20–30 mL/min per 1·73 m2.”
In the citing paper
“Individual trials have shown that kidney benefits translate into important reductions in the need for dialysis or kidney transplantation”
In the citing paper
“The primary results showed that in patients with CKD, regardless of the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and regardless of CKD etiology, dapagli fl ozin signi fi cantly reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome and the secondary outcomes, including all-cause mortality, compared with placebo. 18”
From A pre-specified analysis of the DAPA-CKD trial demonstrates the effects of dapagliflozin on major adverse kidney events in patients with IgA nephropathy (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Sodium glucose co-transporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitors reduce the risk of kidney failure in patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D).”
From A kidney perspective on the mechanism of action of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as Heerspink et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin in patients with CKD with or without T2D (Heerspink et al., 2020; Wheeler et al., 2021).”
From A kidney perspective on the mechanism of action of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as Heerspink et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Recent findings of the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) trial support this notion by demonstrating beneficial kidney failure both in the subgroup of patients with and without T2D (Heerspink et al., 2020).”
From A kidney perspective on the mechanism of action of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as Heerspink et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“or hospitalization for heart failure (HR 0.71 [95% CI 0.55 -0.92]).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [197]
In the citing paper
“as were the risks for a renal composite outcome of sustained decline in eGFR of at least 50%, endstage kidney disease, or death from renal causes (HR 0.56 [95% CI 0.45 -0.68])”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [197]
In the citing paper
“The effects of dapagli fl ozin therapy were similar in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [197]
In the citing paper
“The risk of the primary composite outcome was signi fi cantly lower with dapagli fl ozin therapy compared with placebo (HR 0.61 [95% CI 0.51 -0.72])”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [197]
In the citing paper
“Over a median follow-up period of 2.4 years, a primary outcome event occurred in 9.2% of participants in the dapagli fl ozin group and 14.5% of those in the placebo group.”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [197]
In the citing paper
“Despite improvements in kidney outcomes with available pharmacotherapies, the risk of kidney failure in people with CKD and T2D remains high [14,15].”
In the citing paper
“Despite the availability of established and newer pharmacotherapies to delay CKD progression in people with T2D, the risk of progression and the associated morbidity and mortality remains substantial [14,15].”
In the citing paper
“There is substantial overlap between the FLOW population and the populations studied in the dedicated kidney outcome studies with SGLT2is (CREDENCE, DAPA-CKD and EMPA-KIDNEY) [15,30,32]”
Citations
Cites
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Zinman, B., Wanner, C., Lachin, J. M., Fitchett, D., Bluhmki, E., Hantel, S., Mattheus, M., Devins, T., Johansen, O. E., Woerle, H. J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1504720 · Cited by 12,315
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Effects of Empagliflozin on Fluid Overload, Weight, and Blood Pressure in CKD
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Risk of sepsis and pneumonia in patients initiated on SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors
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SGLT2 Inhibitors in Chronic Kidney Disease: From Mechanisms to Clinical Practice
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heerspink, H. J. L., Stefánsson, B. V., Correa-Rotter, R., Chertow, G. M., Greene, T., Hou, F.-F., Mann, J. F. E., McMurray, J. J. V., Lindberg, M., Rossing, P., Sjöström, C. D., Toto, R. D., Langkilde, A.-M., & Wheeler, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- From the Department Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (H.J.L.H.); the George Institute for Global Health, Sydney (H.J.L.H., D.C.W.); Late-Stage Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (B.V.S., M.L., C.D.S., A.-M.L.); the National Medical Science and Nutrition Institute Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City (R.C.-R.); the Departments of Medicine...
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2020-10-08
- Volume
- 383
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1436-1446
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W3088173406
- Cited by
- 5,618
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1014 · 2025: 987 · 2024: 978 · 2023: 967 · 2022: 824 · 2021: 743 · 2020: 94
- FWCI
- 412.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- AstraZeneca
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Acute Kidney Injury Research
- Keywords
- chronic kidney disease, SGLT2 inhibitors, type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate decline, end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular mortality, heart failure hospitalization, albuminuria, renal outcomes, drug safety, body surface area dosing, albumin-creatinine ratio
- MeSH terms
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors, Aged, Benzhydryl Compounds, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Nephropathies, Female, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Glucosides, Humans, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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