Cited by 10,861International Business and FDIInnovation and Knowledge ManagementInternational Student and Expatriate Challenges

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The Internationalization Process of the Firm—A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments

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Johanson, Jan, Vahlne, Jan-Erik·1977·Journal of International Business Studies

DOI 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676

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The Theory of the Growth of the Firm
Penrose, E. T. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1016/s0024-6301(96)90295-2 · Cited by 13,942
THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE FIRM ? FOUR SWEDISH CASES
Johanson, J., & Wiedersheim‐Paul, F. (1975) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.1975.tb00514.x · Cited by 3,679
Self-citation
International Corporations: The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment
Caves, R. E. (1971) · Economica · doi:10.2307/2551748 · Cited by 2,236
The foreign investment decision process
Aharoni, Y. (1966) · The International Executive · doi:10.1002/tie.5060080407 · Cited by 1,105
Oligopolistic reaction and multinational enterprise
Knickerbocker, F. T. (1973) · The International Executive · doi:10.1002/tie.5060150205 · Cited by 747 · cited 2×
“Oligopolistic competition , however, lacks explanatory value at the firm level; we have to look for other features to explain variations in the level of international involvement among the several firms in a given oligopolistic industry (Horst, 1972; Knickerbocker, 1973 ).”
Background
Oligopolistic Reaction and Multinational Enterprise
Knickerbocker, F. T. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-28787-8_2 · Cited by 729
American business abroad
Kindleberger, C. P. (1969) · The International Executive · doi:10.1002/tie.5060110207 · Cited by 697
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Firm and Industry Determinants of the Decision to Invest Abroad: An Empirical Study
Horst, T. (1972) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.2307/1937986 · Cited by 451
Merger as a Response to Organizational Interdependence
Pfeffer, J. (1972) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2392151 · Cited by 366

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Research works printed but not linked: 6

[3]3. Horst, T. O. "Firmand Industry Determinants of the Decision to Invest Abroad: An EmpiricalStudy." Review of Economics and Statistics, 1972.
[4]4. Hymer, S. "The International Operations of National Firms:A Study of Direct Investment," Doctoral dissertation, Mass. Institute of Technology, 1960.
[5]5. Haakansson, F. &Wootz, B. "Supplier Selection in an InternationalEnvironment-An Experimental Study," Journal of Marketing Research, February 1975.
[9]9. Johanson, J. &Wiedersheim-Paul, F. "The Internationalizationof the Firm -FourSwedish Cases." Journal of Management Studies, 1975.
[13]13. Lipsey, R. E. &Weiss, M.Y."The Relation of US Manufacturing Abroad to US Exports. A Framework for Analysis." Business and Economics Section Proceedings, American Statistical Association, 1969.
[14]14. Lipsey, R.E. & Weiss, M.Y. "Analyzing Direct Investment and Trade at the Company Level," Business and Economic Section Proceedings, American Statistical Association, 1972.

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Authors: Johanson, J., & Vahlne, J.-E.
Affiliations: Uppsala University (SE)
Stockholm School of Economics (SE)
Venue: Journal of International Business Studies
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1977-03
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 23-32
ISSN: 0047-2506 (ISSN-L)
1478-6990
DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676
OpenAlex: W1990631438
Cited by: 10,861
References: 19
Citations by year: 2026: 290 · 2025: 302 · 2024: 336 · 2023: 295 · 2022: 387 · 2021: 430 · 2020: 447 · 2019: 450 · 2018: 507 · 2017: 544 · 2016: 559 · 2015: 600 · 2014: 610 · 2013: 610 · 2012: 566
FWCI: 22.33
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of International Business Studies (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Innovation and Knowledge Management
Social Sciences › Communication › International Student and Expatriate Challenges
Keywords: internationalization, knowledge acquisition, knowledge integration, knowledge application, internationalization models, internationalization of firms

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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The Internationalization Process of the Firm—A Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks