Oligopolistic reaction and multinational enterprise
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Early progress in IB oligopoly theory has not been followed up.
“Early progress in IB oligopoly theory has not been followed up (Rowthorn & Hymer, 1971; Knickerbocker, 1973; Graham, 1978).”
From The Internalization Theory of the Multinational Enterprise: Past, Present and Future (2020) · cites this paper as Knickerbocker, 1973
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“Oligopolistic competition , however, lacks explanatory value at the firm level; we have to look for other features to explain variations in the level of international involvement among the several firms in a given oligopolistic industry (Horst, 1972; Knickerbocker, 1973 ).”
BackgroundToward an Eclectic Theory of International Production: Some Empirical Tests
Dunning, J. (1980) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490593 · Cited by 3,304 · see citing works
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“…seek to answer three crucial questions, first proposed by Hymer (1976) and subsequently reiterated by nearly all theorists (and textbook writers) on international business (Caves 1982; Vernon 1966; Johanson and Vahlne 1977; Knickerbocker 1973; Hennart 1982; Rugman 1981; Buckley and Casson 1976).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Eclectic (OLI) Paradigm of International Production: Past, Present and Future
Dunning, J. H. (2001) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/13571510110051441 · Cited by 1,560 · see citing works
“Knickerbocker’s follow-my-leader or oligopolistic interaction approach (Knickerbocker, 1973) is entirely dependent on the existence of a particular type of market structure.”
BackgroundThe Contributions of Industrial Organization To Strategic Management
Porter, M. (1981) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1981.4285706 · Cited by 1,448 · see citing works
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“For example, many studies in the international business literature have documented the bunching of entry by foreign firms, as the assumed consequence of interfirm rivalry (e.g., Caves et al., 1980; Flowers, 1976; Knickerbocker, 1973; Yamawaki, 1998; Yu & Ito, 1988).”
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International Expansion Strategy of Japanese Firms: Capability Building through Sequential Entry
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“…interdependencies among market players such as “red queen” traps of running hard just to keep up (Barnett, 1993; Haleblian, McNamara, Kolev, & Dykes, 2012; Hsih, Tsai, & Chen, 2011) and the “follow-the-leader” behaviors first examined by scholars of international business (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
BackgroundThe Internationalization of the Firm from an Entrepreneurial Perspective
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“The later development at Trelleborg could be explained by an oligopolistic reaction (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
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Dunning, J. (2002) · doi:10.1093/0199250014.001.0001 · Cited by 386
“Most particular as explored by Knickerbocker (1973) in his 'follow my leader' hypothesis and Graham (1978) in his exchange of threats hypothesis.”
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Buckley, P. (1988) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490382 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
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Brewer, T. (1993) · Journal of International Business Studies · doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490227 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
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“In a similar vein, the international business field has argued for an even longer time that, under certain circumstances, firms take each other’s experiences into account when making foreign entry decisions (Knickerbocker, 1973; Hymer, [1960] 1976; Caves, 1996).”
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“…of the decisions of co-located peers amounts to herding behavior, which in foreign MNEs is motivated primarily by the need to prevent competitors from gaining advantage in a host country (Flowers, 1976), especially if those competitors can threaten interests back at home (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
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“Knickerbocker (1973) observes the propensity of firms in an oligopolistic industry to move in tandem to maintain industry stability.”
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“Because the firms are mutually interdependent, the behavior of the firms will tend toward a pattern of action-reaction, move-countermove [Knickerbocker 1973].”
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Gimeno, J., Hoskisson, R. E., Beal, B. D., & Wan, W. P. (2005) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2005.16928411 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“We examined the clustering of international entry moves from a number of different theoretical perspectives, including competitive response (Knickerbocker, 1973), vicarious learning under uncertainty (Haunschild & Miner, 1997; Henisz & Delios, 2001), and legitimacyseeking response to isomorphic pressures (DiMaggio & P…”
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“In his pioneering contribution, Knickerbocker (1973) identifies agglomeration as an attractive local feature for”
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“For instance, Knickerbocker (1973) found that oligopolists, aware of their mutual interdependence, reacted quickly to imitate competitors’ moves to maintain competitive parity.”
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“firms, aware of their strategic interdependence, imitate rivals’ moves quickly in order to maintain competitive parity (Knickerbocker, 1973).”
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“First, follower firms might react out of concern that early entrants could gain additional information about a potential market and use their first-mover status as an advantage (Knickerbocker 1973).”
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“In the “oligopolistic reaction” pattern that Knickerbocker (1973) and Flowers (1976) first identified, a firm matches the location 22 choices of a rival in a pattern of move-countermove or action-reaction.”
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“Strategic behaviour theory (Knickerbocker, 1973) is somewhat an extension of the market imperfection theory and offers the dynamics of international competition as an explanation for patterns of FDI.”
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“Caves (1971) and Knickerbocker (1973) employed a similar approach, with the former focusing on product differentiation and the latter on oligopoly rivalry.”
- Authors
- Knickerbocker, F. T.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Knickerbocker, Frederick T.
- Venue
- The International Executive
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1973-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 7-9
- ISSN
- 0020-6652 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-709X
- OpenAlex
- W4292490918
- Cited by
- 747
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 18.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The International Executive (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › International Business and FDI
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Merger and Competition Analysis
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Business Strategy and Innovation
- Keywords
- oligopoly, multinational corporations, international business strategy, market competition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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