AEROGEL BLANKET INSULATION MATERIALS FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS
Open accessAbstract
Aerogel blanket materials for use in thermal insulation systems are now commercially available and implemented by industry.Prototype aerogel blanket materials were presented at the Cryogenic Engineering Conference in 1997 and by 2004 had progressed to full commercial production by Aspen Aerogels.Today, this new technology material is providing superior energy efficiencies and enabling new design approaches for more cost-effective cryogenic systems.Aerogel processing technology and methods are continuing to improve, offering a tailorable array of product formulations for many different thermal and environmental requirements.Many different varieties and combinations of aerogel blankets have been characterized using insulation test cryostats at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory of NASA Kennedy Space Center.Detailed thermal conductivity data for a select group of materials are presented for engineering use.Heat transfer evaluations for the entire vacuum pressure range, including ambient conditions, are given.Examples of current cryogenic applications of aerogel blanket insulation are also given.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Aerogel blanket insulation materials were characterized for cryogenic applications using NASA KSC insulation test cryostats, with over 90 tests of 9 different aerogel blanket systems. The results show low apparent thermal conductivity across vacuum levels and support use in cryogenic piping, tanks, and other systems.
Key findings
Over 90 tests of 9 aerogel blanket systems showed k-values rising only moderately in soft vacuum; for example, A111 Pyrogel ranged from 1.70 mW/m-K at 0.01 millitorr to 13.34 mW/m-K at 760,000 millitorr, while A112 Cryogel ranged from 1.55 to 11.28 mW/m-K over the same CVP range. Systems including MLI showed improved performance in high vacuum, with A113 Cryogel + MLI reaching 0.26 mW/m-K at 1 millitorr. Ambient-pressure maximum thermal conductivity data in TABLE 1 include Spaceloft 14.0 mW/m-K at 144 K and 17.0 mW/m-K at 297 K, Cryogel 13.4 and 17.0 mW/m-K at those temperatures, Pyrogel 20.0 mW/m-K at 297 K and 31.0 mW/m-K at 533 K, and Pyrogel XT 21.0 mW/m-K at 297 K and 43.3 mW/m-K at 644 K. Aerogel blanket development began in 1993 through an SBIR program, progressed from 75-mm diameter specimens to near 1 m² sizes by 1995, produced a field installation kit of about 20 m² of 13 mm thick blankets in 1996, and led to Aspen Aerogels, Inc. in 2001 with over a hundredfold cost reduction.
Methods
The primary instruments were Cryostat-100 and its predecessor Cryostat-1, liquid nitrogen boil-off calorimeters providing absolute apparent thermal conductivity data; Cryostat-100 used a cylindrical cold mass of 167 mm by 1026 mm including guarded ends, with cold-boundary temperature 78 K, warm-boundary temperature 293 K, and ΔT 216 K. Cryostat-4, a flat plate comparative apparatus, was used for smaller specimens and calibrated using in-house standard reference data from Cryostat-100. Specimens were typically heated above 340 K and evacuated to high vacuum, with a warm-vacuum pressure typically 1 millitorr, then tested over cold-vacuum pressures from high vacuum (below 1×10⁻⁴ torr) through soft vacuum (~1 torr) to no vacuum (760 torr), using nitrogen as the residual gas; a typical test series consisted of a minimum of eight CVP levels.
Limitations
The paper does not state explicit limitations. Evident from the text: the detailed thermal conductivity data are presented for a select group of materials, while many different aerogel blanket materials and combinations were tested; no measurement uncertainty or error analysis is reported; and several referenced figures are available only as captions, so some plotted data are not numerically recoverable from the text.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
- Findingreasoning
The two insulation systems including MLI blankets show improved performance in the high-vacuum range.
“The two insulation systems, including MLI blankets, show improved performance in the high-vacuum range where radiation heat transfer becomes a dominant factor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The apparent thermal conductivity (k-value) of aerogel blanket insulation materials rises only moderately in the soft-vacuum range.
“The k-values rise only moderately in the soft-vacuum range as the gas conduction that begins to dominate the heat transfer is suppressed by the nanoporous aerogel material.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Cryogel has a decreased insulation thickness requirement in comparison to conventional insulations for cryogenic pipes.
“These benefits include a decreased insulation thickness requirement in comparison to conventional insulations (FIGURE 5a)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The test temperatures used (78 K to 293 K) are representative of actual cryogenic use conditions.
- Interpretationnone given
In the high-vacuum range, radiation heat transfer becomes a dominant factor.
“The two insulation systems, including MLI blankets, show improved performance in the high-vacuum range where radiation heat transfer becomes a dominant factor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Cryogel allows fast installation, even during operating conditions, for cryogenic pipes.
“fast installation, even during operating conditions (FIGURE 5b)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The test temperatures used (78 K to 293 K) are representative of actual cryogenic use conditions.
- Study design and conductnone given
Cryogenic thermal performance testing of a wide variety of aerogel blanket materials was successfully completed.
“Cryogenic thermal performance testing of a wide variety of aerogel blanket materials was successfully completed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10
- May combine two claims. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenThe Cryostat-100 apparatus is capable of extremely stable boil-off rates over a very wide range of heat flux.
“This new apparatus is capable of extremely stable boil-off rates over a very wide range of heat flux.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningAerogel blanket technology enables new possibilities for long-life, low-maintenance thermal insulation systems in both industry and consumer products.
“Developed over the last 15 years, this technology enables new possibilities for long-life, low-maintenance thermal insulation systems in both industry and consumer products.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested aerogel blanket materials and test conditions are representative of actual cryogenic applications.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenCryogel offers a simplified insulation system design (no contraction joints) for cryogenic pipes.
“a simplified insulation system design (i.e., no contraction joints)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The test temperatures used (78 K to 293 K) are representative of actual cryogenic use conditions.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenOver 90 tests of 9 different aerogel blanket systems were performed.
“Over 90 tests of 9 different aerogel blanket systems were performed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationown dataThe measured temperature profiles provide a way to perform an estimated computation analysis of the intermediate thermal conductivity, depending on the number of layers making up the total test specimen.
“The measured temperature profiles provide a way to perform an estimated computation analysis of the intermediate thermal conductivity ( ), depending on the number of layers making up the total test specimen.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenCryostat-4 was calibrated using in-house standard reference data from Cryostat-100.
“Calibration is accomplished using in-house standard reference data from Cryostat-100.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe thermal performance benefits of aerogel blankets are clear.
“The thermal performance benefits of aerogel blankets are clear.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested aerogel blanket materials and test conditions are representative of actual cryogenic applications.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenCryogel is useful for insulating difficult areas such as between flanged sections of vacuum-jacketed piping.
“Cryogel is also useful for insulating difficult areas such as between flanged sections of vacuum-jacketed piping.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The test temperatures used (78 K to 293 K) are representative of actual cryogenic use conditions.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataIn the soft-vacuum range, gas conduction begins to dominate heat transfer but is suppressed by the nanoporous aerogel material.
“The k-values rise only moderately in the soft-vacuum range as the gas conduction that begins to dominate the heat transfer is suppressed by the nanoporous aerogel material.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenAmbient temperature data for thermal conductivity (lambda) combined with cryogenic data for k-value can allow some first approximations of lambda as a function of temperature or extrapolation to another set of boundary temperatures of interest.
“Ambient temperature data for thermal conductivity (lambda) combined with cryogenic data for k-value can allow some first approximations of lambda as a function of temperature or extrapolation to another set of boundary temperatures of interest.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenMany different aerogel blanket materials have been tested at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory (CTL) of NASA KSC using a family of insulation test cryostats.
“Many different aerogel blanket materials have been tested at the Cryogenics Test Laboratory (CTL) of NASA KSC using a family of insulation test cryostats.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The tested aerogel blanket materials and test conditions are representative of actual cryogenic applications.
“Characterization of the materials under the appropriate boundary temperatures and environmental conditions as they will be used in the field is essential to implementation of aerogels over conventional insulation materials.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The test temperatures used (78 K to 293 K) are representative of actual cryogenic use conditions.
“Test temperatures are as follows: cold-boundary temperature (CBT) 78 K, warm-boundary temperature (WBT) 293 K, and temperature difference ( T) 216 K.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Production projections use incompatible area equivalents
MinorTens of thousands of square meters correspond to hundreds of thousands of square feet, not tens of millions of square feet. The two parenthetical projections differ by roughly a factor of 100.
“tens of thousands of square meters”
“tens of millions of square feet”
Cites
Aerogel insulation systems for space launch applications
Fesmire, J. E. (2006) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2005.11.007 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationCryogenic Insulation System for Soft Vacuum
Augustynowicz, S. D., & Fesmire, J. E. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4215-5_94 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationROBUST MULTILAYER INSULATION FOR CRYOGENIC SYSTEMS
Fesmire, J. E., Augustynowicz, S. D., Scholtens, B. E., Weisend, J. G., Barclay, J., Breon, S., Demko, J., DiPirro, M., Kelley, J. P., Kittel, P., et al. (2008) · AIP Conference Proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.2908494 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationOverall thermal performance of flexible piping under simulated bending conditions
Fesmire, J. E. (2002) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.1472187 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citation(2007) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationThermal insulation performance of flexible piping for use in HTS power cables
Fesmire, J. E. (2002) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.1472186 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAerogel-Based Cryogenic Superinsulation
Fesmire, J. E., Rouanet, S., & Ryu, J. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9056-6_29 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Begag, R. and Fesmire, J.E., "Nonflammable, hydrophobic aerogel composites for cryogenic applications," in Thermal Conductivity 29, DEStech Publications, Lancaster, PN, 2008, pp. 323-333.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Double-negative-index ceramic aerogels for thermal superinsulation
Xu, X. Q., Zhang, Q., Hao, M., Hu, Y., Lin, Z., Peng, L., Wang, T., Ren, X., Wang, C., Zhao, Z., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav7304 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
García‐González, C. A., Camino-Rey, M. C., Alnaief, M., Zetzl, C., & Smirnova, I. V. (2012) · The Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2012.02.026 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Aerogels in Aerospace: An Overview
Bheekhun, N. I., Talib, A. R. A., & Hassan, M. R. (2013) · Advances in Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1155/2013/406065 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Thermal management challenges in hybrid-electric propulsion aircraft
Asli, M., König, P., Sharma, D., Pontika, E., Huete, J., Konda, K. R., Mathiazhagan, A., Xie, T., Höschler, K., & Laskaridis, P. (2023) · Progress in Aerospace Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100967 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Flexible and Transparent Silica Aerogels: An Overview
Parale, V. G., Lee, K.-Y., & Park, H.-H. (2017) · Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society · doi:10.4191/kcers.2017.54.3.12 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Cylindrical cryogenic calorimeter testing of six types of multilayer insulation systems
Fesmire, J. E., & Johnson, W. L. (2018) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2017.11.004 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationStandardization in cryogenic insulation systems testing and performance data
Fesmire, J. E. (2015) · Physics Procedia · doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2015.06.205 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationBang, A., Buback, C., Sotiriou‐Leventis, C., & Leventis, N. (2014) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm5031443 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Fabrication of silica aerogel composite blankets from an aqueous silica aerogel slurry
Lee, K., Choe, Y.-J., Kim, Y. H., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, H. (2017) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.176 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Spray-on foam insulations for launch vehicle cryogenic tanks
Fesmire, J. E., Coffman, B. E., Meneghelli, B. J., & Heckle, K. W. (2012) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2012.01.018 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationBerardi, U., & Zaidi, S. (. (2019) · Energy and Buildings · doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.06.027 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Synthesis of silica aerogel and its application for removal of crystal violet dye by adsorption
Gupta, S., Prajapati, A., Kumar, A., & Acharya, S. (2023) · Watershed Ecology and the Environment · doi:10.1016/j.wsee.2023.10.003 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Mechanical reinforced fiber needle felt/silica aerogel composite with its flammability
Huang, Y., He, S., Chen, G., Shi, X., Yang, X., Dai, H., & Chen, X. (2018) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-018-4796-6 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Layered composite thermal insulation system for nonvacuum cryogenic applications
Fesmire, J. E. (2016) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2015.10.008 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationStudy on thermal insulation of liquefied natural gas cryogenic road tanker
Lisowski, E., & Lisowski, F. (2019) · Thermal Science · doi:10.2298/tsci19s4381l · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cryogenic hydrogen fuel tanks for large hypersonic cruise vehicles
Sharifzadeh, S., Verstraete, D., & Hendrick, P. (2015) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.07.120 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sambucci, M., Savoni, F., & Valente, M. (2023) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels9040307 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Flexible Hybrid and Single-Component Aerogels: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
Fijałkowski, M., Coufal, R., Ali, A., Adach, K., Petřík, S., Bu, H., & Karl, C. W. (2023) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01811 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Linhares, T., Carneiro, V. H., Merillas, B., de Amorim, M. T. P., & Durães, L. M. R. (2022) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-022-05808-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fesmire, J. E., Ancipink, J. B., Swanger, A. M., White, S., & Yarbrough, D. (2017) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/278/1/012198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThermal design analysis of a 1 L cryogenic liquid hydrogen tank for an unmanned aerial vehicle
Kang, H., & Kim, S. C. (2014) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.09.169 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Swanger, A. M., & Nacif, M. A. G. (2022) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2022.103591 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Boil-off gas emission from the fuel tank of a LNG powered truck
Barelli, L., Bidini, G., Perla, M., Pilo, F., & Trombetti, L. (2022) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124954 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Schmid, E., & Salem, D. R. (2015) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2015.06.015 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cryogenics for superconductors: Refrigeration, delivery, and preservation of the cold
Ganni, V., & Fesmire, J. E. (2012) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4706901 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCellulose Aerogel Fibers Tested on a REXUS 18 Rocket – The ACTOR Project
Schulz, B., Meinert, T., Bierbüsse, D., Busen, M., Körtzinger, N., Stankowski, M., & Seide, G. H. (2016) · Chemie Ingenieur Technik · doi:10.1002/cite.201600003 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Surfactant-free, flexible polymethylsilsesquioxane foams
Huber, L., Hauser, S. B., Ubert, C. J., Rees, M., Fischer, B., Zhao, S., Koebel, M. M., & Malfait, W. J. (2022) · Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2022.121887 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Two Dimensional Heat Transfer around Penetrations in Multilayer Insulation
Johnson, W. L., Kelly, A. O., & Jumper, K. (2012) · NASA Technical Reports Server (NASA) · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nanomanufacturing for Aerospace Applications
Anandan, S., Hebalkar, N., Sarada, B. V., & Rao, T. N. (2016) · Indian Institute of Metals series · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-2143-5_5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Progress in innovative technologies in thermal insulation for cryogenic applications
Soni, P., Srivastava, N., Kumar, R., Thakur, A. K., Singh, R., Barmavatu, P., & Sikarwar, V. S. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138658 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Greszta, A., Krzemińska, S., Bartkowiak, G., & Dabrowska, A. K. (2021) · International Journal of Materials Research (formerly Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde) · doi:10.1515/ijmr-2020-8042 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Weisend, J. G. (2016) · International cryogenics monograph series/The International cryogenics monograph series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31150-0_1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWeisend, J. G. (2015) · Mechanical Engineers' Handbook · doi:10.1002/9781118985960.meh414 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAlnaief, M. (2011) · tub.dok (Hamburg University of Technology) · doi:10.15480/882.1009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wernery, J., Rigacci, A., Achard, P., & Koebel, M. M. (2023) · Springer handbooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27322-4_48 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dai, T., & Tao, C. (2023) · International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow · doi:10.1108/hff-07-2023-0416 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Silica Aerogels for Energy Conservation and Saving
Ananthan, Y., Kollipara, K. S., & Hebalkar, N. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9783527696109.ch38 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tuning Aerogel Properties for Aerospace Applications
Tom, C., Sinha, S. C., Joshi, N., & Pujala, R. K. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119905264.ch1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Swanger, A. M., Khlyapov, Y., Bone, J., Fernandez, E., Otto, M., Schmitt, J., Blair, R., Notardonato, W., & Kapat, J. S. (2024) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1302/1/012022 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aerojel Yalıtım Keçelerinin Isıl ve Higrotermal Karakterizasyonu
Selena, A. L. A. N., Akkurt, G. G., Akkurt, S., SEZER, H. Ç., & ÇAM, A. (2021) · Harran Üniversitesi Mühendislik Dergisi · doi:10.46578/humder.870400 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Johnson, W. L., Kelly, A. O., Heckle, K. W., Jumper, K., & Fesmire, J. E. (2014) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4860771 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationComposite aerogel insulation for cryogenic liquid storage
Kim, K., Hyungmook, K., Soojin, S., Hwan, O. I., Changhee, S., Hyung, C. Y., Yongchan, K., & Woo, K. S. (2017) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/171/1/012093 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Silica aerogels: synthesis, properties, and applications
Sarathchandran, C., Renjith, P. K., & Sekkar (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823135-7.00009-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Developments in advanced and energy saving thermal isolations for cryogenic applications
Shu, Q. S., Demko, J. A., & Fesmire, J. E. (2015) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/101/1/012014 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationJessop, J. N., Leachman, J. W., & Matveev, K. I. (2026) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1344/1/012148
Aerogel Hybrid Composite Materials: Designs and Testing for Multifunctional Applications
Williams, M. K., & Fesmire, J. E. (2016) · NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Self-citationTanbour, E. (2020) · Journal of Thermal Engineering · doi:10.18186/thermal.834034
Vacuum-Induced Cryocooling in Cryogen Saturated MaterialsPreprint
Swanger, A. M. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4655984
Jessop, J. N., Leachman, J., Matveev, K. I., Louriou, C., & Creyx, J. (2026) · Cryogenics · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2026.104338
Integration of Aerogel Cryogenic Insulation with Carbon Fiber Composites for Hydrogen Storage
Fang, K., Yuan, S., Xue, J., Xu, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Tang, Y. (2026) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym18202584
- Authors
- Coffman, B. E., Fesmire, J. E., White, S., Gould, G., Augustynowicz, S., & Weisend, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Kennedy Space Center (US)
- Aspen Aerogels (United States) (US)
- Venue
- AIP Conference Proceedings
- Publisher
- AIP
- Published
- 2010
- Pages
- 913-920
- ISSN
- 0094-243X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1971794945
- Semantic Scholar
- 5a830275afa176d906afb4f3de6d34428588a6d8
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 13.83
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- AIP conference proceedings (publishedVersion)
- NASA STI Repository (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Aerogels and thermal insulation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Superconducting Materials and Applications
- Keywords
- aerogel blankets, cryogenic insulation, thermal conductivity, heat transfer, vacuum insulation, cryogenic systems, energy efficiency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-03.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-03.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
