Flexible and Transparent Silica Aerogels: An Overview

Parale, Vinayak G.; Lee, Kyu-Yeon; Park, Hyung-Ho

doi:10.4191/kcers.2017.54.3.12

Cited by 113Aerogels and thermal insulationMesoporous Materials and CatalysisAdvanced ceramic materials synthesis

Flexible and Transparent Silica Aerogels: An Overview

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Parale, Vinayak G., Lee, Kyu-Yeon, Park, Hyung-Ho·2017·Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society

DOI 10.4191/kcers.2017.54.3.12

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Abstract

Silica aerogels are attracting attention due to certain outstanding properties such as low bulk density, low thermal conductivity, high surface area, high porosity, high transparency and flexibility.Due to these extraordinary properties of aerogels, they have become a promising candidate in thermal superinsulation.The silica-based aerogels are brittle in nature, which constrains their large scale-application.It is necessary to achieve transparency and flexibility of silica-based aerogels at the same time and with the same porous structure for optical field applications.Therefore, the present review focuses on the different sol-gel synthesis parameters and precursors in the synthesis of flexible as well as transparent silica aerogels.Also, a brief overview of reported flexible and transparent aerogels with some important properties and applications is provided.

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The percentage of trifunctional species added to the tetrafunctional monomer should be limited to between 30 and 40% to produce transparent and flexible aerogels.
“The percentage of trifunctional species added to the tetrafunctional monomer should be limited to between 30 and 40% to produce transparent and flexible aerogels.”
From Silica Aerogels as a Promising Vehicle for Effective Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production (2025) · cites this paper as [42]

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Synthesis of Low‐Dielectric Silica Aerogel Films by Ambient Drying
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Novel flexible, hybrid aerogels with vinyl- and methyltrimethoxysilane in the underlying silica structure
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A Continuous Extraction and Pumpless Supercritical CO2 Drying System for Laboratory-Scale Aerogel Production
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Organic-inorganic hybrid aerogels with high mechanical properties via organotrialkoxysilane-derived sol-gel process
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Flexible, elastic, and superhydrophobic silica-polymer composite aerogels by high internal phase emulsion process
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Highly flexible silica aerogels derived from methyltriethoxysilane and polydimethylsiloxane
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Robust and superhydrophobic thiourethane bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels as potential thermal insulation materials
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Improving the visible transparency of silica aerogels
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Effect of post-treatment (gel aging) on the properties of methyltrimethoxysilane based silica aerogels prepared by two-step sol–gel process
Nadargi, D. Y., Latthe, S. S., & Rao, A. V. (2008) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-008-1830-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Wettability study of surface modified silica aerogels with different silylating agents
Parale, V. G., Mahadik, D. B., Mahadik, S. A., Kavale, M. S., Rao, A. V., & Wagh, P. B. (2012) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-012-2788-5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Effect of surface composition and roughness on the apparent surface free energy of silica aerogel materials
Mahadik, D. B., Rao, A. V., Parale, V. G., Kavale, M. S., Wagh, P. B., Ingale, S. V., & Gupta, S. C. (2011) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3635398 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Preparation of flexible, hydrophobic, and oleophilic silica aerogels based on a methyltriethoxysilane precursor
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Role of block copolymer surfactant on the pore formation in methylsilsesquioxane aerogel systems
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AEROGEL BLANKET INSULATION MATERIALS FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS
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Low-density, transparent aerogels and xerogels based on hexylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane with bendability
Aoki, Y., Shimizu, T., Kanamori, K., Maeno, A., Kaji, H., & Nakanishi, K. (2016) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-016-4077-1 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
OTES modified transparent dip coated silica coatings
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XVII. On the molecular mobility of gases
Graham, T. J. (1863) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London · doi:10.1098/rstl.1863.0017 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Synthesis of MWCNTs doped sodium silicate based aerogels by ambient pressure drying
Bangi, U. K. H., Kavale, M. S., Baek, S., & Park, H. (2012) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-012-2710-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Potential Application of Silica Aerogel Granules for Cleanup of Accidental Spillage of Various Organic Liquids
Parale, V. G., Mahadik, D. B., Kavale, M. S., Rao, A. V., Wagh, P. B., & Gupta, S. C. (2011) · Soft Nanoscience Letters · doi:10.4236/snl.2011.14017 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Particulate Sols and Gels
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Effect of water ethanol solvents mixture on textural and gas sensing properties of tin oxide prepared using epoxide-assisted sol–gel process and dried at ambient pressure
Mahadik, D. B., Lee, Y. K., Park, C.-S., Chung, H.-Y., Hong, M.-H., Jung, H.-N.-R., Han, W., & Park, H.-H. (2015) · Solid State Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2015.10.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Thermal and mechanical behavior of natural rubber latex‐silica aerogel film
On, N. K., Rashid, A. A., Nazlan, M. M. M., & Hamdan, H. (2011) · Journal of Applied Polymer Science · doi:10.1002/app.35354 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Improvement in optical and physical properties of TEOS based aerogels using acetonitrile via ambient pressure drying
Bangi, U. K. H., Park, C.-S., Baek, S., & Park, H. (2012) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.07.051 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Synthesis and characterization of superhydrophobic–superoleophilic surface
Mahadik, S. A., Pedraza, F., Relekar, B. P., Parale, V. G., Lohar, G. M., & Thorat, S. S. (2016) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-016-3974-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Recoverable and thermally stable superhydrophobic silica coating
Mahadik, S. A., Mahadik, D. B., Parale, V. G., Wagh, P. B., Gupta, S. C., & Rao, A. V. (2012) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-012-2753-3 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Novel flexible aerogels derived from methyltrimethoxysilane/3-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)propyltrimethoxysilane co-precursor
Ramaswamy, A. P., Niemeyer, P., & Ratke, L. (2013) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2013.07.025 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Thermal and Temporal Aging of Two Step Acid-Base Catalyzed Silica Gels in Water/Ethanol Solutions
Hæreid, S., Nilsen, E., Ranum, V., & Einarsrud, M.-A. (1997) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1023/a:1026400617168 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sol–gel preparation of PTMS modified hydrophobic and transparent silica coatings
Parale, V. G., Mahadik, D. B., Kavale, M. S., Mahadik, S. A., Rao, A. V., & Mullens, S. (2012) · Journal of Porous Materials · doi:10.1007/s10934-012-9648-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Control of porous structure in flexible silicone aerogels produced from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS): the effect of precursor concentration in sol–gel solutions
Du, M., Mao, N., & Russell, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s10853-015-9378-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Purification and Functionalization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes through Different Treatment Procedures
Tsai, P., Kuo, H.-Y., Chiu, W., & Wu, J. (2013) · Journal of Nanomaterials · doi:10.1155/2013/937697 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Multi-purpose overcoating layers based on PVA/silane hybrid composites for highly transparent, flexible, and durable AgNW/PEDOT:PSS films
Kim, S., Cho, A., Kim, S., Cho, W., Chung, M. H., Kim, F. S., & Kim, J. H. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra27311k · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mechanical properties of hexylene- and phenylene-bridged polysilsesquioxane aerogels and xerogels
Boday, D. J., Stover, R. J., Muriithi, B., & Loy, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-011-2603-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Thermal and Temporal Aging of Silica Gels in Monomer Solutions
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Aerogels as Platforms for Chemical Sensors
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Design of TEOS-GPTMS sol-gel coatings on rare-earth magnesium alloys employed in the manufacture of orthopaedic implants
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Synthesis of New Flexible Aerogels from MTMS/DMDMS via Ambient Pressure Drying
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Mechanical properties improvement of silica aerogel through aging: Role of solvent type, time and temperature
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Enrichment in hydrophobicity and scratch resistant properties of silica films on glass by grafted microporosity of the network
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Application of SiO2 aerogel film for interlayer dielectric on GaAs with a barrier of Si3N4
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Pore Structure Control of Ordered Mesoporous Silica Film Using Mixed Surfactants
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Mechanical Properties of Aerogel-Ceramic Fiber Composites
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Liquid-phase synthesis and application of monolithic porous materials based on organic–inorganic hybrid methylsiloxanes, crosslinked polymers and carbons
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Controlling nanostructure in periodic mesoporous hexylene-bridged polysilsesquioxanes
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Methyltrimethoxysilane based flexible silica aerogels for oil absorption applications
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Silica aerogel composites with embedded fibres: a review on their preparation, properties and applications
Linhares, T., de Amorim, M. T. P., & Durães, L. M. R. (2019) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/c9ta04811a · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Flexible Aerogel Materials: A Review on Revolutionary Flexibility Strategies and the Multifunctional Applications
Hou, X., Chen, J., Chen, Z., Yu, D., Zhu, S., Liu, T., & Chen, L. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c00347 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Mechanically Strengthened Aerogels through Multiscale, Multicompositional, and Multidimensional Approaches: A Review
Parale, V. G., Kim, T., Choi, H., Phadtare, V. D., Dhavale, R. P., Kanamori, K., & Park, H. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202307772 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Silica Centered Aerogels as Advanced Functional Material and Their Applications: A Review
Ahmad, S., Ahmad, S., & Sheikh, J. N. (2023) · Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids · doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2023.122322 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Recent Progress in Polysaccharide Aerogels: Their Synthesis, Application, and Future Outlook
Muhammad, A., Lee, D., Shin, Y., & Park, J. (2021) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym13081347 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“In addition, aerogel structures can be classified according to their pore diameters as mesoporous (2–50 nm), microporous (<2 nm), or macroporous (>50 nm) [10].”
Background
Hydrophobic TiO2–SiO2 composite aerogels synthesized via in situ epoxy-ring opening polymerization and sol-gel process for enhanced degradation activity
Parale, V. G., Kim, T., Lee, K., Phadtare, V. D., Dhavale, R. P., Jung, H.-N.-R., & Park, H. (2019) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.10.231 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mechanical modeling and simulation of aerogels: A review
Patil, S. P., Parale, V. G., Park, H., & Markert, B. A. (2020) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.09.181 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Multiplexed optical fiber sensors for dynamic brain monitoring
Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Liu, Q., Lou, K., Wang, S., Zhang, N., Jiang, N., & Yetisen, A. K. (2022) · Matter · doi:10.1016/j.matt.2022.07.024 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Fabrication of silica aerogel composite blankets from an aqueous silica aerogel slurry
Lee, K., Choe, Y.-J., Kim, Y. H., Lee, J. K., & Hwang, H. (2017) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.10.176 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Composites of silica aerogels with organics: a review of synthesis and mechanical properties
Lee, K., Mahadik, D. B., Parale, V. G., & Park, H. (2019) · Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society · doi:10.1007/s43207-019-00002-2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A facile method for in situ fabrication of silica/cellulose aerogels and their application in CO2 capture
Miao, Y., Pudukudy, M., Zhi, Y., Miao, Y., Shan, S., Jia, Q., & Ni, Y. (2020) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116079 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Fabrication of PEO-PMMA-LiClO4-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes Containing Silica Aerogel Particles for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries
Lim, Y. S., Jung, H.-A., & Hwang, H. (2018) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en11102559 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In contrast, the SP4 and SP4-3 samples exhibited superior thermal and mechanical properties to SP1, which suggests that PMMA blending and incorporation of silica aerogel powder effectively allows the acquisition of thermally and mechanically stable solid electrolytes [41].”
Background
Facile synthesis of hydrophobic, thermally stable, and insulative organically modified silica aerogels using co-precursor method
Parale, V. G., Lee, K.-Y., Jung, H.-N.-R., Nah, H.-Y., Choi, H., Kim, T.-H., Phadtare, V. D., & Park, H. (2017) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.11.189 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Mesoporous composite Ni-C-N/SA for selective adsorption of methylene blue from water
Dai, C., Zhang, M., Guo, X., & Ma, X. (2020) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.127181 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Metal oxide aerogels for high-temperature applications
Wu, Y., Wang, X., & Shen, J. (2022) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-021-05720-w · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Preparation and Properties of Highly Transparent SiO2 Aerogels for Thermal Insulation
Shi, B., Long, X., Ma, B., Zhou, Z., Xu, B., & Qu, L. (2022) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels8110744 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Molecular dynamics and experimental studies of nanoindentation on nanoporous silica aerogels
Patil, S. P., Parale, V. G., Park, H., & Markert, B. A. (2018) · Materials Science and Engineering A · doi:10.1016/j.msea.2018.11.019 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Ambient pressure dried tetrapropoxysilane-based silica aerogels with high specific surface area
Parale, V. G., Han, W., Jung, H.-N.-R., Lee, K.-Y., & Park, H. (2017) · Solid State Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2017.10.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Physicochemical properties of ambient pressure dried surface modified silica aerogels: effect of pH variation
Khedkar, M. V., Jadhav, S. A., Somvanshi, S. B., Kharat, P. B., & Jadhav, K. M. (2020) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-020-2463-3 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
One pot synthesis of hybrid silica aerogels with improved mechanical properties and heavy metal adsorption: Synergistic effect of in situ epoxy-thiol polymerization and sol-gel process
Parale, V. G., Choi, H., Kim, T., Phadtare, V. D., Dhavale, R. P., Lee, K., Panda, A., & Park, H. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122934 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Improvement in the high temperature thermal insulation performance of Y2O3 opacified silica aerogels
Parale, V. G., Jung, H.-N.-R., Han, W., Lee, K.-Y., Mahadik, D. B., Cho, H. H., & Park, H. (2017) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.08.189 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Mechanical properties and behavior of glass fiber-reinforced silica aerogel nanocomposites: Insights from all-atom simulations
Patil, S. P., Shendye, P., & Markert, B. A. (2019) · Scripta Materialia · doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.10.010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Structural and mechanical properties of hybrid silica aerogel formed using triethoxy(1-phenylethenyl)silane
Choi, H., Parale, V. G., Kim, T., Choi, Y., Tae, J., & Park, H. (2020) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2020.110092 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hybrid Aerogel Nanocomposite of Dendritic Colloidal Silica and Hairy Nanocellulose: an Effective Dye Adsorbent
Nia, M. H., Tavakolian, M., Kiasat, A. R., & van de Ven, T. G. M. (2020) · Langmuir · doi:10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02090 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Recent advances in flexible and soft gel-based pressure sensors
Sun, G., Wang, P., Jiang, Y., Sun, H., Meng, C., & Guo, S. (2022) · Soft Science · doi:10.20517/ss.2022.16 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Microstructural properties and heat transfer characteristics of in-situ modified silica aerogels prepared with different organosilanes
Çok, S. S., & Gi̇zli̇, N. (2022) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.122618 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Sol-gel synthesized homogeneous nanofibers to multidimensional in-situ and ex-situ silica nanofiber aerogels in thermal management applications
Dhavale, R. P., Parale, V. G., Choi, H., Kim, T., Ransing, A. A., Phadtare, V. D., Lee, K.-Y., & Park, H. (2024) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.158485 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Role of oxalic acid in structural formation of sodium silicate-based silica aerogel by ambient pressure drying
Nah, H.-Y., Parale, V. G., Jung, H.-N.-R., Lee, K.-Y., Lim, C.-H., Ku, Y. S., & Park, H. (2017) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-017-4553-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Nanocomposite Aerogel Network Featuring High Surface Area and Superinsulation Properties
Karamikamkar, S., Abidli, A., Tafreshi, O. A., Ghaffari‐Mosanenzadeh, S., Buahom, P., Naguib, H. E., & Park, C. B. (2024) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01391 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Comparisonal studies of surface modification reaction using various silylating agents for silica aerogel
Nah, H.-Y., Kim, Y., Kim, T., Lee, K.-Y., Parale, V. G., Lim, C.-H., Seo, J.-Y., & Park, H. (2020) · Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10971-020-05399-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Study of the effect of stress/strain of mesoporous Al-doped ZnO thin films on thermoelectric properties
Hong, M.-H., Choi, H., Shim, D. I., Cho, H. H., Kim, J., & Park, H. (2018) · Solid State Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2018.05.010 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of ZnxCo1-xFe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) prepared using a chemical co-precipitation method
Powar, R. R., Phadtare, V. D., Parale, V. G., Park, H., Pathak, S., Kamble, P. R., Piste, P. B., & Zambare, D. N. (2018) · Ceramics International · doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.079 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
SnO2 aerogel deposited onto polymer-derived carbon foam for environmental remediation
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Super-Insulating Transparent Polyisocyanurate-Polyurethane Aerogels: Analysis of Thermal Conductivity and Mechanical Properties
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Authors: Parale, V. G., Lee, K.-Y., & Park, H.-H.
Affiliations: Yonsei University (KR)
Corresponding author: Park, Hyung-Ho
ORCID: Parale, Vinayak G.
Park, Hyung-Ho
Venue: Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
Publisher: Korean Ceramic Society
Published: 2017-05-31
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Pages: 184-199
ISSN: 1229-7801 (ISSN-L)
2234-0491
DOI: 10.4191/kcers.2017.54.3.12
OpenAlex: W2620910076
Cited by: 113
References: 139
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 5
FWCI: 6.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders: National Research Foundation of Korea
Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A02062229)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Aerogels and thermal insulation
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Ceramics and Composites › Advanced ceramic materials synthesis
Keywords: silica aerogel, flexible aerogels, transparent aerogels, sol-gel synthesis, precursors, thermal superinsulation, low thermal conductivity, optical applications, porous media

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Flexible and Transparent Silica Aerogels: An Overview

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