Multi-level memory-switching properties of a single brain microtubule
Abstract
We demonstrate that a single brain-neuron-extracted microtubule is a memory-switching element, whose hysteresis loss is nearly zero. Our study shows how a memory-state forms in the nanowire and how its protein arrangement symmetry is related to the conducting-state written in the device, thus, enabling it to store and process ∼500 distinct bits, with 2 pA resolution between 1 nA and 1 pA. Its random access memory is an analogue of flash memory switch used in a computer chip. Using scanning tunneling microscope imaging, we demonstrate how single proteins behave inside the nanowire when this 3.5 billion years old nanowire processes memory-bits.
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The group of Anirban Bandyopadhyay has discovered conductive resonances in single microtubules that are observed when there is an applied alternating current at specific frequencies in gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz ranges.
“The group of Anirban Bandyopadhyay at National Institute for Material Sciences in Tsukuba, Japan, has indeed discovered conductive resonances in single microtubules that are observed when there is an applied alternating current at specific frequencies in gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz ranges [88,89].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
Quantum effects occur in microtubules at biological temperatures.
“The group has made a series of remarkable discoveries suggesting that quantum effects do occur in microtubules at biological temperatures.”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
Quantum conductance through photosynthesis protein is enhanced by mechanical vibration, and microtubules appear to have their own mechanical vibrations in megahertz.
“Quantum conductance through photosynthesis protein is enhanced by mechanical vibration [126], and microtubules appear to have their own set of mechanical vibrations (e.g. in megahertz as suggested by Sahu et al. [88,89]).”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
Electronic conductance along microtubules, normally extremely good insulators, becomes exceedingly high, approaching quantum conductance, at certain specific resonance frequencies of applied AC stimulation.
“First, they found that electronic conductance along microtubules, normally extremely good insulators, becomes exceedingly high, approaching quantum conductance, at certain specific resonance frequencies of applied alternating current (AC) stimulation.”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
Bandyopadhyay's recent results show electrical resistance drops dramatically at specific frequencies, largely temperature- and length-independent.
“electrical resistance drops dramatically, at certain very specific frequencies, in a largely-temperature independent and length-independent way.”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
Coherent gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz excitations have been found in single microtubules.
“Bandyopadhyay's group has found coherent gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz excitations in single MTs [88,89].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
Gigahertz excitations in MTs may be interpreted as coherent photons.
“the detection of gigahertz excitations in MTs by Bandyopadhyay's group, which may be interpreted as coherent photons [88,89].”
From Consciousness in the universe (2014) · cites this paper as [89]
MTs at certain specific AC frequencies were found to be approximately 1000 times more conductive, exhibiting conductivities in the range of 103 to 105 S/m.
“MTs at certain specific AC frequencies (in several frequency ranges) were found to be approximately 1000 times more conductive, exhibiting astonishing values for the MT conductivities in the range of 103 to 105 S/m [55,76].”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
Sahu et al. measured conductivity along the periphery of MTs, where the DC intrinsic conductivities of MTs, from a 200 nm gap, were found to be approximately 10−1 to 102 S/m.
“Sahu et al. [75,76] measured conductivity along the periphery of MTs, where the DC intrinsic conductivities of MTs, from a 200 nm gap, were found to be approximately 10−1 to 102 S/m.”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
For MTs, the corresponding resonance peaks were given as: 120, 240, and 320 kHz; 12, 20, 22, 30, 101, 113, 185, and 204 MHz; and 3, 7, 13, and 18 GHz.
“for MTs, the corresponding resonance peaks were given as: 120, 240, and 320 kHz; 12, 20, 22, 30, 101, 113, 185, and 204 MHz; and 3, 7, 13, and 18 GHz.”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [76]
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Normal language in abnormal brains
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Biophysical Pathology in Cancer Transformation
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Chaotic vibration of microtubules and biological information processing
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- Authors
- Sahu, S., Ghosh, S., Hirata, K., Fujita, D., & Bandyopadhyay, A.
- Affiliations
- Advanced Nano Characterization Center 1 , 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- National Institute for Materials Science (JP)
- Venue
- Applied Physics Letters
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 2013-03-25
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 0003-6951 (ISSN-L)
- 1077-3118
- OpenAlex
- W2092301760
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 12.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Physics Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Memory and Neural Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Molecular Junctions and Nanostructures
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- microtubules, memory switching, single-molecule electronics, nanowires, hysteresis, random access memory, flash memory, brain neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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