The DOI matches its Crossref record; 132 of the 132 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The rheology of direct and suspended extrusion bioprinting
Open accessAbstract
Bioprinting is a tool increasingly used in tissue engineering laboratories around the world. As an extension to classic tissue engineering, it enables high levels of control over the spatial deposition of cells, materials, and other factors. It is a field with huge promise for the production of implantable tissues and even organs, but the availability of functional bioinks is a barrier to success. Extrusion bioprinting is the most commonly used technique, where high-viscosity solutions of materials and cells are required to ensure good shape fidelity of the printed tissue construct. This is contradictory to hydrogels used in tissue engineering, which are generally of low viscosity prior to cross-linking to ensure cell viability, making them not directly translatable to bioprinting. This review provides an overview of the important rheological parameters for bioinks and methods to assess printability, as well as the effect of bioink rheology on cell viability. Developments over the last five years in bioink formulations and the use of suspended printing to overcome rheological limitations are then discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations
Peppas, N. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/s0939-6411(00)00090-4 · Cited by 4,011
A 3D bioprinting system to produce human-scale tissue constructs with structural integrity
Kang, H.-W., Lee, S. J., Ko, I. K., Kengla, C., Yoo, J. J., & Atala, A. (2016) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.3413 · Cited by 2,622
Rheology of non-Newtonian fluids: A new flow equation for pseudoplastic systems
Cross, M. M. (1965) · Journal of Colloid Science · doi:10.1016/0095-8522(65)90022-x · Cited by 2,083
Printing three-dimensional tissue analogues with decellularized extracellular matrix bioink
Pati, F., Jang, J., Ha, D.-H., Won Kim, S., Rhie, J.-W., Shim, J.-H., Kim, D.-H., & Cho, D.-W. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4935 · Cited by 1,904
25th Anniversary Article: Engineering Hydrogels for Biofabrication
Malda, J., Visser, J., Melchels, F. P., Jüngst, T., Hennink, W. E., Dhert, W. J. A., Groll, J., & Hutmacher, D. W. (2013) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201302042 · Cited by 1,901
Hinton, T. J., Jallerat, Q., Palchesko, R. N., Park, J. H., Grodzicki, M. S., Shue, H.-J., Ramadan, M. H., Hudson, A. R., & Feinberg, A. W. (2015) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500758 · Cited by 1,805
3D bioprinting of collagen to rebuild components of the human heart
Lee, A., Hudson, A. R., Shiwarski, D. J., Tashman, J. W., Hinton, T. J., Yerneni, S., Bliley, J. M., Campbell, P. G., & Feinberg, A. W. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav9051 · Cited by 1,782
Barnes, H. A. (1997) · Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics · doi:10.1016/s0377-0257(97)00004-9 · Cited by 1,535
Printability and shape fidelity of bioinks in 3D bioprinting
Schwab, A., Levato, R., D’Este, M., Piluso, S., Eglin, D., & Malda, J. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00084 · Cited by 1,359
Organ printing: computer-aided jet-based 3D tissue engineering
Mironov, V., Boland, T., Trusk, T., Forgacs, G., & Markwald, R. R. (2003) · Trends in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0167-7799(03)00033-7 · Cited by 1,276
Cited by
Self-Healing Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration
Bertsch, P., Diba, M., Mooney, D. J., & Leeuwenburgh, S. C. G. (2023) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00179 · Cited by 892
Gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel, from standardization, performance, to biomedical application
He, J., Sun, Y., Gao, Q., He, C., Yao, K., Wang, T., Xie, M., Yu, K., Nie, J., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202300395 · Cited by 275
Bom, S., Ribeiro, R., Ribeiro, H. M., Santos, C., & Marto, J. (2022) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121506 · Cited by 230
Rheological, structural, and biological trade-offs in bioink design for 3D bioprinting
Elango, J., & Zamora-Ledezma, C. (2025) · Gels · doi:10.3390/gels11080659 · Cited by 75
Constructing biomimetic liver models through biomaterials and vasculature engineering
Lv, W., Zhou, H., Aazmi, A., Yu, M., Xu, X., Yang, H., Huang, Y. Y. S., & Ma, L. (2022) · Regenerative Biomaterials · doi:10.1093/rb/rbac079 · Cited by 45
Metadata
- Authors
- Cooke, M. E., & Rosenzweig, D. H.
- Venue
- APL Bioengineering
- Publisher
- AIP Publishing
- Published
- 2021-02-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 011502-011502
- ISSN
- 2473-2877 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3126242426
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 132
- FWCI
- 12.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The rheology of direct and suspended extrusion bioprinting. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1063/5.0031475
- The paper
- Cooke, M. E., & Rosenzweig, D. H. (2021). The rheology of direct and suspended extrusion bioprinting. APL Bioengineering. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0031475
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.