Long-term forest fire retardants: a review of quality, effectiveness, application and environmental considerations
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1930s research has been directed towards improving the effectiveness of water as a forest fire extinguishing agent. Throughout this time various chemical substances have been added to the water, and this is still the case today. Among these substances are the various types of long-term forest fire retardant, which maintain their ability to alter combustion when the water has been removed by evaporation. In order to provide an account of the current state of development of studies on long-term forest fire retardants, we carried out a bibliographic analysis with special attention to work done after 1976 on the different aspects that influence the final effectiveness of forest fire retardant: quality (programs and evaluation), effectiveness, application and environmental impact on streams and aquatic organisms, vegetation and humans. The scope of this work covers the wide subject of fire retardants and it introduces significant work related to all the aspects of fire retardant use.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Sodium ferrocyanide, a corrosion inhibitor, is no longer an acceptable ingredient because this can subsequently degrade into free cyanide in water.
“Sodium ferrocyanide, a corrosion inhibitor, is no longer an acceptable ingredient because this can subsequently degrade into free cyanide in water (Crouch et al., 2006; Giménez et al., 2004).”
From Wildfire Induces Changes in Receiving Waters: A Review With Considerations for Water Quality Management (2022) · cites this paper as Giménez et al., 2004
Cites
Annual Book of ASTM Standards 2003
Riyanto, L. (2003) · Cited by 5,342 · see citing works
A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels
Rothermel, R. C. (1972) · doi:10.2737/int-rp-115 · Cited by 2,247 · see citing works
A simplified dosing apparatus for fish toxicology studies
Mount, D. I., & Brungs, W. A. (1967) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/0043-1354(67)90061-9 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Gaikowski, M. P., Hamilton, S. J., Buhl, K. J., McDonald, S. F., & Summers, C. H. (1996) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620150816 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Larson, D. L., Newton, W. E., Anderson, P. J., & Stein, S. J. (2000) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf00013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Acute toxicity of fire-retardant and foam-suppressant chemicals to <i>Hyalella azteca</i> (Saussure)
McDonald, S. F., Hamilton, S. J., Buhl, K. J., & Heisinger, J. F. (1997) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620160706 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Buhl, K. J., & Hamilton, S. J. (1998) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5620170821 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Annual Grassland Response to Fire Retardant and Wildfire
Larson, J. R., & Duncan, D. A. (1982) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3898242 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Bradstock, R. A., Sanders, J. T., & Tegart, A. (1987) · Australian Forestry · doi:10.1080/00049158.1987.10674498 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of fire retardant on water quality
Norris, L. A., & Webb, W. L. (1989) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gaikowski, M. P., Hamilton, S. J., Buhl, K. J., McDonald, S. F., & Summers, C. H. (1996) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1996)015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of ammonium phosphate and sulfate on the pyrolysis and combustion of cellulose /
George, C., Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Ogden, U., & Susott, R. A. (1971) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.68725 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nitrate Poisoning, Fire Retardants, and Fertilizers: Any Connection?
Dodge, M. (1970) · Journal of Range Management · doi:10.2307/3896213 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fire-Extinguishing Effectiveness of Chemicals in Water Solution
Tyner, H. D. (1941) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ie50373a011 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Ecological Effects of Fire Fighting Foams and Retardants
Adams, R., & Simmons, D. (1999) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
First-Year Cohort Dynamics and Overwinter Mortality of Juvenile Largemouth Bass
Jackson, J. R., & Noble, R. L. (2000) · Transactions of the American Fisheries Society · doi:10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Combustion Recovery of Flaming Pine Needle Fuel Beds Sprayed With Water/Map Mixtures
Blakely, A. D. (2017) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of ammonium sulfate and ammonium phosphate on flammability /
George, C., Blakely, A. D., & Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Ogden, U. (1972) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.68720 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Toxicity of fire retardant chemicals to aquatic organisms: Progress report
Hamilton, S. J., McDonald, S. F., Gaikowski, M. P., & Buhl, K. J. (1996) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kraak, M. H. S., Wijnands, P., Govers, H. A. J., Admiraal, W. A., & de Voogt, P. (1997) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
THE EFFECTS OF UVB RADIATION ON THE TOXICITY OF FIRE-FIGHTING CHEMICALS
Little, E. E., & Calfee, R. D. (2000) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Energy release rates in fire retardant evaluation
George, C. W., & Blakely, A. D. (1970) · Fire Technology · doi:10.1007/bf02588919 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Determining fire retardant quality in the field /
George, C. W., & Johnson, C. W. (1986) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.100225 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Relative corrosivity of currently approved wildland fire chemicals.
Johnson, C., & George, C. W. (1990) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Use of Chemicals in Forest Fire Control
Truax, T. R. (1939) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/37.9.677 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Air Attack - Retardants, Rheology and Some New Options
Vandersall, H. L. (1994) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf9940045 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Developing air tanker performance guidelines.
George, C. W., & Johnson, G. M. (1990) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Monoammonium phosphate : effect on flammability of excelsior and pine needles /
Blakely, A. D., & Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Ogden, U. (1983) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.68791 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Possibilities of Fire-Extinguishing Chemicals in Fighting Forest Fires
Barrett, L. I. (1931) · Journal of Forestry · doi:10.1093/jof/29.2.214 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Firefighting chemicals: new weapons for the fire suppression crew
Davis, J. B., Dibble, D. L., & Phillips, C. B. (1961) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Viscous water and algin gel as fire control materials
Davis, J. B., Dibble, D. L., Phillips, C. B., & McBride, R. S. (1962) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Air drop tests with the Snow Commander airtanker and Gelgard F fire retardant
Grigel, J. E. (1970) · The Mathematics Enthusiast · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Translational Applications of Hydrogels
Correa, S., Grosskopf, A. K., Hernandez, H. L., Chan, D. C., Yu, A. C., Stapleton, L. M., & Appel, E. A. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01177 · Cited by 1,153 · see citing works
Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: White Rhino impacts on a South African savanna.
Waldram, M. S., Bond, W. J., & Stock, W. D. (2008) · Ecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10021-007-9109-9 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Paul, M. J., LeDuc, S. D., Lassiter, M. G., Moorhead, L. C., Noyes, P. D., & Leibowitz, S. G. (2022) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2021wr030699 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“Sodium ferrocyanide, a corrosion inhibitor, is no longer an acceptable ingredient because this can subsequently degrade into free cyanide in water (Crouch et al., 2006; Giménez et al., 2004).”
Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on tree recruitment patterns in central hardwood forests
Albrecht, M. A., & McCarthy, B. C. (2006) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.061 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Eruptive Behaviour of Forest Fires
Viegas, D. X., & Simeoni, A. J. (2010) · Fire Technology · doi:10.1007/s10694-010-0193-6 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Scalable manufacturing of biomimetic moldable hydrogels for industrial applications
Yu, A. C., Chen, H., Chan, D. C., Roth, G. A., Stapleton, L. M., Sevit, A. M., Tibbitt, M. W., Acosta, J. D., Zhang, T., Franzia, P. W., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1618156113 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Fire and rain: A systematic review of the impacts of wildfire and associated runoff on aquatic fauna
Isaza, D. F. G., Cramp, R. L., & Franklin, C. E. (2022) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16088 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Driscoll, D. A., Lindenmayer, D. B., Bennett, A. F., Bode, M., Bradstock, R. A., Cary, G. J., Clarke, M. F., Dexter, N., Fensham, R., Friend, G., et al. (2010) · Conservation Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00115.x · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Impact of wildfires on surface water repellency in soils of northwest Spain
Varela, M. P., Benito, E., & de Blas, E. (2005) · Hydrological Processes · doi:10.1002/hyp.5850 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Fighting Flames and Forging Firelines: Wildfire Suppression Effectiveness at the Fire Edge
Plucinski, M. P. (2019) · Current Forestry Reports · doi:10.1007/s40725-019-00084-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Ray, A. J., Garfin, G. M., Wilder, M., Vásquez‐León, M., Lenart, M., & Comrie, A. C. (2007) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli4098.1 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Comparing Techniques for Estimating Flame Temperature of Prescribed Fires
Kennard, D. K., Outcalt, K. W., Jones, D., & O’Brien, J. J. (2005) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.4996/fireecology.0101075 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
A review of challenges to determining and demonstrating efficiency of large fire management
Thompson, M. P., y Silva, F. R., Calkin, D. E., & Hand, M. S. (2017) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf16137 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Response of soil microbial communities to fire and fire-fighting chemicals
Barreiro, A., Martín, Á., Carballas, T., & Díaz-Raviña, M. (2010) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.011 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
GARCIAMARCO, S., & Prieto, S. J. G. (2008) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.08.021 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Viegas, D. X., Raposo, J. R. N., Davim, D. A., & Rossa, C. G. (2012) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf10155 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Criteria and methodology for evaluating aerial wildfire suppression
Plucinski, M. P., & Pastor, E. (2013) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf13040 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationLiodakis, S., Vorisis, D., & Agiovlasitis, I. P. (2006) · Thermochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.tca.2006.03.010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Yu, A. C., Hernandez, H. L., Kim, A. H., Stapleton, L. M., Brand, R. J., Mellor, E. T., Bauer, C. P., McCurdy, G. D., Wolff, A. J., Chan, D. C., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1907855116 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Stonesifer, C. S., Calkin, D. E., Thompson, M. P., & Stockmann, K. D. (2016) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf15149 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
García‐Villaraco, A., Probanza, A., Gutiérrez‐Mañero, F. J., Treviño, A. C., Moreno, J. M., & Garcia, J. A. L. (2009) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.08.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Different scales for studying the effectiveness of long-term forest fire retardants
Àgueda, A., Pastor, E., & Planas, E. (2008) · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, C., d’Aquino, A. I., Sen, S., Hall, I. A., Yu, A. C., Crane, G. B., Acosta, J. D., & Appel, E. A. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202407375 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
More than a fertilizer: wastewater-derived struvite as a high value, sustainable fire retardant
Kim, A. H., Yu, A. C., Abbadi, S. H. E., Lu, K., Chan, D. C., Appel, E. A., & Criddle, C. S. (2021) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d1gc00826a · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Short- and medium-term effects of three fire fighting chemicals on the properties of a burnt soil
Couto-Vázquez, A., & Prieto, S. J. G. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.08.016 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The state of wildfire and bushfire science: Temporal trends, research divisions and knowledge gaps
Haghani, M., Kuligowski, E. D., Rajabifard, A., & Kolden, C. A. (2022) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105797 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Long-term response of soil microbial communities to fire and fire-fighting chemicals
Barreiro, A., Martín, Á., Carballas, T., & Díaz-Raviña, M. (2016) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-016-1133-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Plucinski, M. P., Sullivan, A. L., & Hurley, R. J. (2016) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.12.005 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Computing forest fires aerial suppression effectiveness by IR monitoring
Pérez-Ramirez, Y., Pastor, E., Planas, E., Plucinski, M. P., & Gould, J. S. (2010) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.06.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, H., Wu, J., Gorfine, H. K., Shan, X., Shen, L., Yang, H., Du, H., Li, J., Wang, C., Zhou, Q., et al. (2020) · Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries · doi:10.1007/s11160-020-09622-y · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of the fire retardant Phos-Chek on vegetation in eastern Australian heathlands
Bell, T. L., Tolhurst, K. G., & Wouters, M. A. (2005) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf04024 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fernández-Fernández, M., Gómez-Rey, M. X., & Prieto, S. J. G. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.048 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Xu, M., Wei, Y., Qin, A., Xu, Y., Xu, M., Li, B., & Liu, L. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144490 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Amorim, J. H. (2011) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf09122 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
ANGELER, D., SANCHEZ, B., GARCIA, G., & MORENO, J. (2006) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.02.030 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Assessing Ecosystem Restoration Alternatives in Eastern Deciduous Forests: The View from Belowground
Boerner, R. E. J., Coates, A. T., Yaussy, D. A., & Waldrop, T. A. (2007) · Restoration Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1526-100x.2007.00312.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Daphnia emergence: a sensitive indicator of fire-retardant stress in temporary wetlands
Angeler, D. G., Martín, S., & Moreno, J. M. (2005) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.015 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Anderson, D. M., Wells, M. L., Trainer, V. L., Suddleson, M., Claridge, K., Coyne, K. J., Dortch, Q., Gobler, C. J., Heil, C. A., Inaba, N., et al. (2025) · Harmful Algae · doi:10.1016/j.hal.2025.102989 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Long-term effects of fire and three firefighting chemicals on a soil–plant system
Couto-Vázquez, A., García-Marco, S., & Prieto, S. J. G. (2011) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf10084 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Luna, B., Moreno, J. M., Cruz, A., & Fernández‐González, F. (2007) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf06093 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yu, X., Li, H., Miao, X., Kang, N. B., Zong, R., Lu, S., Xu, M., & Wan, M. P. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202528757 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Moreno, J., Fatela, F., Leorri, E., Araújo, M. F., Moreno, F., la Rosa, J. D., Freitas, M. C., Valente, T. M. F., & Corbett, D. R. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.062 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flame Retardants: Chemistry, Applications, and Environmental Impacts
Beard, A., & Angeler, D. G. (2010) · Handbook of Combustion · doi:10.1002/9783527628148.hoc017 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Impact-recovery patterns of water quality in temporary wetlands after fire retardant pollution
Angeler, D. G., & Moreno, J. M. (2006) · Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences · doi:10.1139/f06-062 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dai, Z., Huang, C., Chen, Y., Zhong, M., & He, W. (2024) · Case Studies in Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.csite.2024.105413 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Pappa, A., Tzamtzis, N., & Koufopoulou, S. E. (2008) · Annals of Forest Science · doi:10.1051/forest:2007093 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Oxygen Isotope Signatures of Phosphate in Wildfire Ash
Bigio, L., & Angert, A. (2019) · ACS Earth and Space Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00216 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Casal-Guisande, M., Bouza-Rodríguez, J.-B., Cerqueiro-Pequeño, J., & Comesaña-Campos, A. (2023) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14020172 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Rates of High-Temperature Evaporation of Promising Fire-Extinguishing Liquid Droplets
Кузнецов, Г. В., Kralinova, S., Voytkov, I. S., & Islamova, A. G. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9235190 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kwan, G. T., Sanders, T. B., Huang, S., Kilaghbian, K., Sam, C., Wang, J., Weihrauch, K., Wilson, R. W., & Fangue, N. A. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176040 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Development of eco-benign firebreaks based on flame-retardant ammonium polyphosphate hybrid system
Ye, W., Xu, H., Zhou, Y., Chu, F., Song, L., Hu, Y. Z., & Hu, W. (2024) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01208 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Cruz, A., Serrano, M., Navarro, E., Luna, B., & Moreno, J. M. (2005) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.20143 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Forest fire retardancy evaluation of carbonate minerals using DTG and LOI
Liodakis, S., Antonopoulos, I., & Tsapara, V. (2009) · Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry · doi:10.1007/s10973-008-9378-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Dietrich, J. P., Van Gaest, A. L., Strickland, S. A., Hutchinson, G. P., Krupkin, A. B., & Arkoosh, M. R. (2014) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.038 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Liodakis, S., & Tsoukala, M. (2009) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-009-9283-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Marshall, A., Waller, L. P., & Lekberg, Y. (2016) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/16-0001.1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ash Leaching of Forest Species Treated with Phosphate Fire Retardants
Liodakis, S., & Tsoukala, M. (2008) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-008-9869-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yu, A. C., Reinhart, M., Hunter, R., Lu, K., Maikawa, C. L., Rajakaruna, N., Acosta, J. D., Stubler, C., Appel, C., & Appel, E. A. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c05472 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fire suppression and burnt sediments: effects on the water chemistry of fire-affected wetlands
Blake, D., Lu, K., Horwitz, P., & Boyce, M. C. (2012) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf10125 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Complex Ecological Responses to Drought and Fire-Retardant Contamination Impacts in Ephemeral Waters
Martı́n, S., Rodrı́guez, M., Moreno, J. M., & Angeler, D. G. (2014) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-014-2078-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flight performance analysis of aerial fire fighting
Struminska, A., & Filippone, A. (2024) · The Aeronautical Journal · doi:10.1017/aer.2024.29 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stream-Riparian Ecosystems and Mixed- and High-Severity Fire
Jackson, B. K., Sullivan, S. M. P., Baxter, C. V., & Malison, R. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802749-3.00005-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Μichalopoulos, C., Koufopoulou, S. E., Tzamtzis, N., & Pappa, A. (2015) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5799-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Understanding the role of fire retardants on the discontinuous ignition of wildland fuels
Rivera, J. I., Ebensperger, F., Valenzuela, F., Escandar, L., Reszka, P., & Fuentes, A. (2022) · Proceedings of the Combustion Institute · doi:10.1016/j.proci.2022.09.067 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ozeri, L., Blaustein, L., Polevikov, A., Kneitel, J. M., Rahav, E., & Horwitz, R. (2021) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-021-04670-2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Castagneri, D., Esposito, A., Bovio, G., Mazzoleni, S., Seneca, U., Catalanotti, A. E., & Ascoli, D. (2013) · Annals of Forest Science · doi:10.1007/s13595-013-0327-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Puglis, H. J., Iacchetta, M., & Mackey, C. M. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5347 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kennard, D. K., & Outcalt, K. W. (2006) · Fire Ecology · doi:10.4996/fireecology.0201031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Tunstill, K., Grogan, L. F., Morrison, C., McCallum, H. I., & Lanctôt, C. M. (2022) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106326 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Investigating post-wildfire effects in contrasted Mediterranean ecosystems
Ducruet, R., Foucher, A., Bardelle, A., & Evrard, O. (2026) · Journal of Soils and Sediments · doi:10.1007/s11368-025-04216-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Viegas, D. X., & Rossa, C. G. (2009) · Combustion Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/00102200903228891 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Advances and Environmental Impact Assessment of Forest Fire Extinguishing Agents
Gao, J., Wang, L., Weilong, Z., Ning, J., Li, W., Hu, T., & Yang, G. M. (2025) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire8110411 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Comparison of pyrophosphate and orthophosphate removal by boehmite and kaolinite
Sadri, A., White, K. F., Potter, I. D., & Angove, M. J. (2023) · Applied Clay Science · doi:10.1016/j.clay.2023.106818 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
de Brito, D. Q., Henke-Oliveira, C., & Oliveira-Filho, E. C. (2024) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics12080548 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Plucinski, M. P., & Sullivan, A. L. (2023) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104056 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Toxic Contaminants in the Urban Aquatic Environment
Foster, E. P., Curtis, L. R., & Gundersen, D. T. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8818-7_9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER-RETAINING POLYMER AS FIRE RETARDANT IN INDIRECT USE
de Lima, D. C., de Souza, A. P., Keffer, J. F., Bouvié, L., Martim, C. C., & Ferneda, B. G. (2020) · Revista Árvore · doi:10.1590/1806-908820200000029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Angeler, D. G., Martı́n, S., Rodrı́guez, M., & Moreno, J. M. (2005) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf04271 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
When the smoke disappears: dealing with extinguishing chemicals in firefighting wastewater
Courtens, E. N. P., Meerburg, F. A., Mausen, V., & Vlaeminck, S. E. (2014) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2014.081 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Rossi, S., Eyraud, M., Vacandio, F., & Massiani, Y. (2007) · Materials Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.04.055 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Harte, M. J., Kaczynski, V. W., Shock, C. C., Yeakley, J. A., Hughes, R. M., Molina, N., & Schreck, C. B. (2010) · PDXScholar (Portland State University) · doi:10.13016/m2nkuj-vvog · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ecotoxicity of Fire Retardants to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in Early Life Stages
Brito, D. Q., Piau, T., Henke-Oliveira, C., Oliveira-Filho, E. C., & Grisolia, C. (2025) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox15030079 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Advancing Wildfire‐Retardant Materials: Engineering Strategies for Direct and Indirect Suppression
Dong, C., Sen, S., Kolli, A., Wilson, S. G., & Appel, E. A. (2025) · Advanced Engineering Materials · doi:10.1002/adem.202500331 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Desservettaz, M., Padamsey, K., Milkman, A., Mott, B. J., Ehrlich, F., Burgess, J. L., & Paton‐Walsh, C. (2025) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf25138 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lux, M. M., Silins, U., Wagner, M. J., Turner, E. R., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Cherlet, E., Hawthorn, K., Harriott, C., Stone, M., Beamish, K. M., et al. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c04555 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Keane, R. E. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09015-3_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ozeri, L., Horwitz, R., Kneitel, J. M., Rahav, E., & Blaustein, L. (2019) · Ecological Entomology · doi:10.1111/een.12819 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adamus, P. R. (2014) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
de Lima, D. C., de Souza, A. P., Cabeceira, F. G., Keffer, J. F., Pizzatto, M., & Borella, D. R. (2020) · Ciência Florestal · doi:10.5902/1980509838583 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Recognizing Women Leaders in Fire Science: Revisited
Smith, A. M. S., & Strand, E. K. (2018) · Fire · doi:10.3390/fire1030045 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Environmental Persistence and Toxicity of Weathered Wildland Fire Retardants to Rainbow Trout
Mackey, C. M., Iacchetta, M., & Puglis, H. J. (2025) · Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00244-025-01131-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Samojedny, T. J., Devlin, M., Shane, R., & Rajakaruna, N. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9310-6_13 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McCormick, F. H., Riemen, B. E., & Kershner, J. L. (2010) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Computing aerial suppression effectiveness by IR monitoring
Pérez-Ramirez, Y., Gould, J. S., Pastor, E., Planas, E., & Plucinski, M. P. (2009) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRefai, R. (2018) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r36q1sz1w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Webber, Z., Harris, R. J., Turner, S. R., & Pedrini, S. (2023) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf23136 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessing wildland fire suppression effectiveness with infrared imaging on experimental fires
Wheatley, M. J., Johnston, J. M., Wotton, B. M., Woolford, D. G., & Martell, D. L. (2025) · International Journal of Wildland Fire · doi:10.1071/wf24161 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Álvarez, C., Correa, N., Valenzuela, F., Reveco, M., Ferrer, J., Demarco, R., Fuentes, A., Simeoni, A. J., & Reszka, P. (2025) · Fire Safety Journal · doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104509 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Plant Carbon Economies and the Dynamics of Wildland Fuels
de Dios, V. R. (2020) · Managing forest ecosystems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41192-3_6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prieto, S. J. G. (2022) · The Society of fire protection engineers series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94356-1_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Giménez, A., Pastor, E., Zárate, L., Planas, E., & Arnaldos, J.
- Affiliations
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Giménez, Anna
- Venue
- International Journal of Wildland Fire
- Publisher
- CSIRO Publishing
- Published
- 2004-04-08
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 1049-8001 (ISSN-L)
- 1448-5516
- OpenAlex
- W2166746637
- Cited by
- 128
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Wildland Fire (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Fire dynamics and safety research
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Flame retardant materials and properties
- Keywords
- forest fire suppression, stream pollution, aquatic organisms, vegetation effects, human health effects
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review