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A review of US wildland firefighter entrapments: trends, important environmental factors and research needs

Page, Wesley G., Freeborn, Patrick H., Butler, Bret W., Jolly, W. Matt·2019·International Journal of Wildland Fire
DOI 10.1071/wf19022
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Abstract

Wildland firefighters in the United States are exposed to a variety of hazards while performing their jobs. Although vehicle accidents and aircraft mishaps claim the most lives, situations where firefighters are caught in a life-threatening, fire behaviour-related event (i.e. an entrapment) constitute a considerable danger because each instance can affect many individuals. In an attempt to advance our understanding of the causes of firefighter entrapments, a review of the pertinent literature and a synthesis of existing data were undertaken. Examination of the historical literature indicated that entrapment potential peaks when fire behaviour rapidly deviates from an assumed trajectory, becomes extreme and compromises the use of escape routes, safety zones or both. Additionally, despite the numerous safety guidelines that have been developed as a result of analysing past entrapments, we found issues with the way factual information from these incidents is reported, recorded and stored that make quantitative investigations difficult. To address this, a fire entrapment database was assembled that revealed when details about the location and time of entrapments are included in analyses, it becomes possible to ascertain trends in space and time and assess the relative influence of various environmental variables on the likelihood of an entrapment. Several research needs were also identified, which highlight the necessity for improvements in both fundamental knowledge and the tools used to disseminate that knowledge.

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  • ANF is a very fire-prone area, with a history of wildland firefighter entrapments.

    “ANF was chosen for three reasons: (1) to demonstrate model implementation on a practical spatial scale; (2) it features a high diversity of both terrain and land cover conditions; and (3) it is a very fire-prone area, with a history of wildland firefighter entrapments [22].”

    From Escape Route Index: A Spatially-Explicit Measure of Wildland Firefighter Egress Capacity (2019) · cites this paper as [22]

    The All entrapment trends section (page unavailable) reports a substantial history of firefighter entrapments in Southern California. It does not identify ANF or establish that ANF itself has had entrapments or is very fire-prone (searched: ANF, Angeles, and fire-prone area). (LLM, conf=0.78)

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  • Better travel rate functions over complex terrain and integration of this information into a safety zone assessment have been identified as wildland firefighter safety research needs.

    “Better travel rate functions over complex terrain and integration of this information into a safety zone assessment have been identified as wildland firefighter safety research needs [14].”

    From Modeling wildland firefighter travel rates by terrain slope: results from GPS-tracking of type 1 crew movement (2020) · cites this paper as [14]

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Metadata

Authors
Page, W. G., Freeborn, P. H., Butler, B. W., & Jolly, W. M.
Affiliations
AUSDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory, 5775 Highway 10 W, Missoula, MT 59808, USA.
Venue
International Journal of Wildland Fire
Publisher
CSIRO Publishing
Published
2019-06-25
Volume
28
Issue
8
Pages
551-569
ISSN
  • 1049-8001
  • 1448-5516
DOI
10.1071/wf19022
Cited by
34
References
3
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor, 2141 d)

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