Electrophoresis of individual microtubules in microchannels
Open accessAbstract
We use micrometer-sized fluidic channels to confine and measure electrophoresis of freely suspended individual microtubules. We measure orientation-dependent velocities of microtubules and the electro-osmotic flow mobility in our channels to infer the anisotropic electrophoretic mobility of microtubules under physiological conditions. We discuss the difference between electrophoresis and purely hydrodynamic motion and its implications for interpreting mobility measurements. We show that the mobility anisotropy is a factor of 0.83, clearly different from the well known anisotropy factor of 0.5 in Stokes drag coefficients for cylindrical objects. We also show that the velocity is independent of microtubule length, which would be different for hydrodynamic motion. We demonstrate that the electric force on the counterions has important consequences for the interpretation of electrophoresis experiments and that ignoring this can lead to an underestimation of the effective charge by orders of magnitude. From the electrophoresis measurements, we calculate an effective surface-charge density of -36.7 +/- 0.4 mC/m2 for microtubules. Electrophoretic measurements of subtilisin-digested microtubules, which have the negatively charged C termini on the outer surface removed, show a 24% decrease in mobility and, correspondingly, in surface charge, but no change in anisotropy.
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Like MTs, AFs can be manipulated by external electric fields.
“Like MTs [96], AFs can be manipulated by external electric fields [113].”
From An Overview of Sub-Cellular Mechanisms Involved in the Action of TTFields (2016) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- van den Heuvel, M. G. L., de Graaff, M. P., Lemay, S. G., & Dekker, C.
- Affiliations
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Delft University of Technology (NL)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2007-05-08
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 7770-7775
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC1876522
- OpenAlex
- W2109115241
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Microtubule and mitosis dynamics
- Keywords
- microtubules, electrophoresis, microchannels, electroosmotic flow, surface charge density, hydrodynamic motion, subtilisin digestion, Stokes drag
- MeSH terms
- Electrophoresis, Microtubules, Solutions, Surface Properties, Tubulin, Anisotropy, Dimerization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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