Cited by 405Evolution and Genetic DynamicsChromosomal and Genetic VariationsPhilosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation

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Ohno's dilemma: Evolution of new genes under continuous selection

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Bergthorsson, Ulfar, Andersson, Dan I., Roth, John R.·2007·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.0707158104PMC PMC2040452

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Abstract

New genes with novel functions arise by duplication and divergence, but the process poses a problem. After duplication, an extra gene copy must rise to sufficiently high frequency in the population and remain free of common inactivating lesions long enough to acquire the rare mutations that provide a new selectable function. Maintaining a duplicated gene by selection for the original function would restrict the freedom to diverge. (We refer to this problem as Ohno's dilemma). A model is described by which selection continuously favors both maintenance of the duplicate copy and divergence of that copy from the parent gene. Before duplication, the original gene has a trace side activity (the innovation) in addition to its original function. When an altered ecological niche makes the minor innovation valuable, selection favors increases in its level (the amplification), which is most frequently conferred by increased dosage of the parent gene. Selection for the amplified minor function maintains the extra copies and raises the frequency of the amplification in the population. The same selection favors mutational improvement of any of the extra copies, which are not constrained to maintain their original function (the divergence). The rate of mutations (per genome) that improve the new function is increased by the multiplicity of target copies within a genome. Improvement of some copies relaxes selection on others and allows their loss by mutation (becoming pseudogenes). Ultimately one of the extra copies is able to provide all of the new activity.

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See all 405

Authors: Bergthorsson, U., Andersson, D. I., & Roth, J. R.
Affiliations: University of New Mexico (US)
Uppsala University (SE)
University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID: Bergthorsson, Ulfar
Andersson, Dan I.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2007-10-23
Volume: 104
Issue: 43
Pages: 17004-17009
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0707158104
PMC: PMC2040452
OpenAlex: W2051768616
Cited by: 405
References: 96
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 9.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM27068, R01GM027068)
National Center for Research Resources (P20-RR18754, P20RR018754)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy of Biology and Scientific Explanation
Keywords: gene duplication, gene divergence, continuous selections, pseudogenes, gene copy number
MeSH terms: Biological Evolution, Gene Amplification, Gene Frequency, Models, Genetic, Recombination, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Point Mutation, Gene Duplication, Gene Transfer, Horizontal

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Ohno's dilemma: Evolution of new genes under continuous selection

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