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Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging
Open accessAbstract
Allostatic load (AL) has been proposed as a new conceptualization of cumulative biological burden exacted on the body through attempts to adapt to life's demands. Using a multisystem summary measure of AL, we evaluated its capacity to predict four categories of health outcomes, 7 years after a baseline survey of 1,189 men and women age 70–79. Higher baseline AL scores were associated with significantly increased risk for 7-year mortality as well as declines in cognitive and physical functioning and were marginally associated with incident cardiovascular disease events, independent of standard socio-demographic characteristics and baseline health status. The summary AL measure was based on 10 parameters of biological functioning, four of which are primary mediators in the cascade from perceived challenges to downstream health outcomes. Six of the components are secondary mediators reflecting primarily components of the metabolic syndrome (syndrome X). AL was a better predictor of mortality and decline in physical functioning than either the syndrome X or primary mediator components alone. The findings support the concept of AL as a measure of cumulative biological burden.
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“Fortunately, although diagnosable disease does not occur until later in life, there are several reliable indices of early damage to regulatory systems, allostatic load (Hwang et al., 2014; Robertson et al., 2017; Seeman et al., 2001), and cellular aging such as inflammation, telomere length, and epigenetic clock (Chen et al., 2016; Codd et al., 2013; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al., 201”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Seeman et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“There is also wealth of evidence establishing direct pathways between the SNS and physical health (Danese and McEwen, 2012; McLaughlin et al., 2014a; Seeman et al., 2001).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Seeman et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the effects were found to result from the contributions of multiple regulatory systems represented in the index, 164”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [164]
In the citing paper
“These associations were found both with respect to an initial 2.5 year follow-up period 176 as well as a longer 7-year period, 164”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [164]
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Slusher, A. L., & Acevedo, E. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1124121 · Cited by 30
“Results revealed that the progressive accumulation of allostatic load predicted decreased physical and cognitive abilities and the increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality over a 7-year span among healthy 70–79-year-old men and women (Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe ZInEP Epidemiology Survey: background, design and methods
Ajdacic‐Gross, V., Müller, M., Rodgers, S., Warnke, I., Hengartner, M. P., Landolt, K., Hagenmuller, F., Meier, M., Tse, L.-T., Aleksandrowicz, A., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1441 · Cited by 25
Design Moderators of Perceived Residential Crowding and Chronic Physiological Stress Among Children
Rollings, K. A., & Evans, G. W. (2019) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916518824631 · Cited by 27
Neighborhood perceptions and allostatic load: Evidence from Midlife in the United States study
Carbone, J. T. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102263 · Cited by 25
“, 2017), memory and attention impairment (De Kloet, E. R., Jo€els, M., & Holsboer, 2005; Lucassen et al., 2017; Seeman et al., 2001), and overall mortality (Borrell et al.”
BackgroundTiming of parental incarceration and allostatic load: a developmental life course approach
Niño, M., & Cai, T. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.02.002 · Cited by 28
Lawrence, J. A., Kawachi, I. I., White, K., Bassett, M. T., & Williams, D. R. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114866 · Cited by 28
A Program in Contemplative Self‐Healing
Loizzo, J. J., Charlson, M. E., & Peterson, J. C. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04398.x · Cited by 26
Schnittker, J. (2004) · Biodemography and Social Biology · doi:10.1080/19485565.2004.9989080 · Cited by 25
“Psychological risk factors have been linked to a variety of tertiary health outcomes through assorted physiological pathways, including cortisol levels, allostatic level, and immunocompromise (Kielcolt-Glaser and Glaser, 2002; Kiecolt-Glaser et al., 2002; Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDich, N., Doan, S. N., & Evans, G. W. (2015) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12346 · Cited by 26
“In the present study, we followed the most common practice of scoring of allostatic load in adults and children (Evans, 2003; Seeman et al., 2001).”
MethodAcculturation and Biobehavioral Profiles in Pregnant Women of Hispanic Origin
Ruiz, R. J., Stowe, R. P., Brown, A., & Wommack, J. C. (2012) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0b013e3182626199 · Cited by 25
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“A composite biomarker index of AL reflecting cardiovascular activity, atherosclerosis development, HPA axis functioning, glucose metabolism, and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation has been shown to predict cognitive and physical functioning, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in healthy elderly samples (Ka…”
BackgroundPathways through challenge: implications for well-being and health
Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Seltzer, M. M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511489761.013 · Cited by 25
Self-citationMedically unexplained symptoms in women as related to physiological stress responses
Mellner, C., Krantz, G., & Lundberg, U. (2004) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1037 · Cited by 25
Allostatic Load and Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review
Evans, E., Jacobs, M., Fuller, D. D., Wheeler‐Hegland, K., & Ellis, C. (2025) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2025.02.016 · Cited by 24
Merkin, S. S., Karlamangla, A. S., Elashoff, D. A., Grogan, T., & Seeman, T. E. (2015) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.09.006 · Cited by 24
“Research has suggested, however that there is additional predictive value to assessing these health factors in one index [1,8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationEdes, A. N., Wolfe, B. A., & Crews, D. E. (2016) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-016-9899-8 · Cited by 27
“…e.g., timed measures of balance, gait, chair stands, and are at greater risk of future immunosuppression, cognitive and physical decline, cardiovascular disease, and mortality than age-matched peers with lower allostatic load (Karlamangla et al. 2006; McEwen 1998a; Seeman et al. 1997, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialDimitratos, S. M., Hercules, M., Stephensen, C. B., Cervantes, E., & Laugero, K. D. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113538 · Cited by 24
Ehrlich, K. B., Yu, T., Sadiq, A., & Brody, G. H. (2021) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2021.1976934 · Cited by 24
“predictive of later cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality (Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundLinks Between Biomarkers and Mortality
Crimmins, E. M., & Vasunilashorn, S. M. (2011) · International handbooks of population · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9996-9_18 · Cited by 24
Bernecker, S. L., Banschback, K., Santorelli, G., & Constantino, M. J. (2017) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.4751 · Cited by 25
“Stress can precipitate the onset of, or worsen, a variety of mental illnesses (eg, [10-12]), and it has negative consequences for physical and mental health regardless of one’s diagnostic status [13,14].”
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Early life predictors of midlife allostatic load: A prospective cohort study
Christensen, D. S., Flensborg‐Madsen, T., Garde, E., Hansen, Å. M., Pedersen, J. M., & Mortensen, E. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202395 · Cited by 26
“Combined, these biomarkers predict disease and mortality better than individual markers [12], and AL has been shown to partially mediate the SEP-mortality association in older adults [13].”
BackgroundMulti-Systemic Biological Risk and Cancer Mortality: The NHANES III Study
Acheampong, T., Jiang, L., Ziogas, A., & Odegaard, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61945-9 · Cited by 28
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“Following the concept of allostatic load (McEwen 1998, Seeman et al. 2001), it may be speculated that a person who maintains a diet chronically high in sodium will also maintain a high GFR, which could lead to the loss of the kidney’s ability to regulate filtration dynamics resulting in renal…”
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DeAngelis, R. T., Upenieks, L., & Louie, P. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01505-1 · Cited by 24
“Thus, poor health is thought to result, at least partially, from the body’s inability to shut off physiological stress responses over time [41, 42].”
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Cognitive efficiency in late midlife is linked to lifestyle characteristics and allostatic load
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“These physiological measurements were summarized in a comprehensive index of physiological load related to stress, the “allostatic load” [45] that was reported to be negatively associated with episodic memory performance and executive functioning in middle-aged and older adults [10].”
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“…the short-term, long-term activation of this system leads to adverse physiologic changes (McEwen, 2005) that negatively affect cardiovascular and immune system function (McEwen, 2005; Seeman et al., 2001), potentially increasing the risk of cognitive impairment and decline (Weinstein et al., 2017).”
BackgroundHigher allostatic load in work-related burnout: The Regensburg Burnout Project
Bärtl, C., Henze, G., Giglberger, M., Peter, H. L., Konzok, J., Wallner, S., Kreuzpointner, L., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105853 · Cited by 29
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The Best Predictors of Survival: Do They Vary by Age, Sex, and Race?
Goldman, N., Glei, D. A., & Weinstein, M. (2017) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12079 · Cited by 23
Wellness interventions for anesthesiologists
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Kuhlman, K. R., Repetti, R. L., Reynolds, B. M., & Robles, T. F. (2018) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000437 · Cited by 27
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“Finally, previous literature has argued for advantages of using a cumulative dysregulation index: even when dysregulation in each individual physiological systems is small and not predictive of health outcomes, the accumulation of adverse physiological changes in the body presents a health risk [19,20].”
BackgroundExternalizing Behaviors Buffer the Effects of Early Life Adversity on Physiologic Dysregulation
Doan, S. N., Dich, N., Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., & Evans, G. W. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49461-x · Cited by 26
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“This distinct line of research is analogous to work on the “wearand-tear” associated with chronic stress (Seeman et al. 2001) in contrast to the health consequences of acute stress such as myocardial infarction (Meisel et al.”
ResultResidential instability, neighborhood deprivation, and pediatric asthma outcomes
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Caregiving and allostatic load predict future illness and disability: A population-based study
Gallagher, S., & Bennett Kate, M. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100295 · Cited by 22
Protsenko, E., Wolkowitz, O. M., & Yaffe, K. S. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02360-2 · Cited by 26
“Scienti fi cally, accelerated biological aging has been de fi ned through many models, including allostatic load [1], telomere length [2, 3], and most recently, epigenetic age [4], among others.”
Daniels, K. P., Thomas, M. D., Chae, D. H., & Allen, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465231175942 · Cited by 25
“Biomarkers without an established clinical risk cut point were coded using a 75th-percentile distribution-based cut point (Seeman et al. 2001).”
MethodMiller‐Martinez, D., Seeman, T. E., Karlamangla, A. S., Greendale, G. A., Binkley, N., & Crandall, C. J. (2014) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-013-2602-4 · Cited by 22
“the life course have been shown to influence biological systems which in turn influence health outcomes [2–4].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAllostatic Load in Women With and Without PTSD Symptoms
Glover, D. A. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.039 · Cited by 24
Socioeconomic position, John Henryism, and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men
Mujahid, M. S., James, S. A., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.034 · Cited by 23
“For example, a number of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and IL-6 have been examined as important determinants of cardiovascular health and central to measures of accelerated aging such as allostatic load (Seeman et al., 2001b).”
BackgroundIn risky environments, emotional children have more behavioral problems but lower allostatic load.
Dich, N., Doan, S. N., & Evans, G. W. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000459 · Cited by 24
Depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning among older adults with cancer
Morin, R. T., & Midlarsky, E. (2017) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1363868 · Cited by 24
“Additionally, the allostatic load hypothesis (McEwen, 2002) posits that over a lifetime of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation attributable to diverse stressors, there may be damage to the hippocampus and, ultimately, neuronal death (Seeman et al., 2001).”
Backgroundvan Deurzen, I., & Vanhoutte, B. (2018) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027518813839 · Cited by 21
The Role of Social and Personal Resources in Ethnic Disparities in Late-Life Health
Anderson, N. B., Bulatao, R. A. B., & Cohen, B. (2004) · Cited by 22
Moncek, F., Dunčko, R., & Ježová, D. (2003) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)02409-8 · Cited by 22
Can health promotion programs save Medicare money?
Goetzel, R. Z., Shechter, D., Ozminkowski, R. J., Stapleton, D. C., Lapin, P., McGinnis, J. M., Gordon, C. R., & Breslow, L. (2007) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/ciia.2007.2.1.117 · Cited by 22
“The MacArthur Study on Aging, consisting of dozens of studies conducted over a decade, helped researchers identify components of successful aging (Seeman et al 2001).”
BackgroundPerras, B., Schultes, B., Behn, B., Dodt, C., Born, J., & Fehm, H. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0089 · Cited by 23
Center for Demography and Ecology
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“By breaking the AI into neuroendocrine and metabolic biomarkers, previous studies found that the individual clusters did not overlap and may therefore individually contribute to health risks [5, 7].”
BackgroundInfluentialMilad, E., & Bogg, T. (2020) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa024 · Cited by 22
Neuroticism, Worry, and Cardiometabolic Risk Trajectories: Findings From a 40‐Year Study of Men
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Psoriasis – The Life Course Approach
Linder, M., Piaserico, S., Augustin, M., Fortina, A. B., Cohen, A. D., Gieler, U., Jemec, G. B. E., Kimball, A. B., Peserico, A., Sampogna, F., et al. (2014) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2430 · Cited by 21
“The accumulation of risk model may be applied to chronic inflammatory conditions, where “wear and tear” adds up over time to negatively affect health (8), a mechanism explained by the concept of allostatic load in biology (37).”
BackgroundAllostatic load but not medical burden predicts memory performance in late‐life bipolar disorder
Vaccarino, S. R., Rajji, T. K., Gildengers, A. G., Schulte, S. W., Butters, M. A., Menon, M., Blumberger, D. M., Voineskos, A. N., Miranda, D., & Mulsant, B. H. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4829 · Cited by 21
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“may be important to distinguish primary mediators and secondary outcomes(Seeman et al., 2001) and that secondary outcomes may be of particular relevance in relation to CVD(Seeman et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSocial Determinants of Health and Disability
Froehlich-Grobe, K., Douglas, M. E., Ochoa, C., & Betts, A. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0888-3_3 · Cited by 24
von Bonsdorff, M. B., Groffen, D. A. I., Vidal, J., Rantanen, T., Jónsson, P. V., García, M., Aspelund, T., Eiríksdóttir, G., Siggeirsdóttir, K., Launer, L. J., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.067 · Cited by 21
“Subclinical coronary atherosclerosismight play a role in physical performance, with impaired gait reflecting the consequences of underlying pathophysiological processes such as inflammation and altered hemodynamic and metabolic control [35,36].”
Efficient antioxidant capacity against lipid peroxide levels in healthy elderly of Mexico City
Sánchez-Rodrı́guez, M. A., Retana-Ugalde, R., Ruíz-Ramos, M., Muñoz-Sánchez, J. L., Vargas‐Guadarrama, L. A., & Mendoza-Núñez, V. M. (2004) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2004.05.006 · Cited by 21
Cumulative Effects of Job Characteristics on HealthPreprint
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Cross-species Association Between Telomere Length and Glucocorticoid Exposure
Lee, R. S., Zandi, P. P., Vives, A. S., Aulinas, A., Carey, J. L., Webb, S. M., McCaul, M. E., Resmini, E., & Wand, G. S. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab519 · Cited by 25
Allostatic load in the context of disasters
Sandifer, P. A., Juster, R., Seeman, T. E., Lichtveld, M. Y., & Singer, B. H. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105725 · Cited by 20
Self-citationGuo, F., Bostean, G., Berardi, V., Velasquez, A. J., & Robinette, J. W. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13100-4 · Cited by 22
Kang, S., & Marks, N. F. (2014) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312113520152 · Cited by 21
Zanette, L., Hobson, K. A., Clinchy, M., Travers, M. S., & Williams, T. D. (2013) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2570-y · Cited by 20
“…of the experiment on overall condition, Travers et al. (2010) used the multivariate procedure for assessing ‘‘physiological dysregulation’’ developed by Seeman et al. (2001), calculated as the sum per subject of the number of physiological variables for which that subject’s score falls within a…”
MethodSimons, N. D., Michopoulos, V., Wilson, M., Barreiro, L. B., & Tung, J. (2022) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0132 · Cited by 17
Fischer, J., Kudielka, B. M., von Känel, R., Siegrist, J., Thayer, J. F., & Fischer, J. E. (2008) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.08.005 · Cited by 20
“Specifically, smoking was measured as self-reported smoked cigarettes per day interacting with a summary measure of biological risks, the Allostatic Load Score (Schnorpfeil et al., 2003; Seeman et al., 2001).”
MethodPsychobiological stress in vital exhaustion. Findings from the Men Stress 40 + study
Noser, E., Fischer, S., Schoch-Ruppen, J., & Ehlert, U. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.11.019 · Cited by 20
Berger, M., Lavoie, S., McGorry, P. D., Nelson, B., Markulev, C., Yuen, H. P., Schaefer, M. R., Sarnyai, Z., & Amminger, G. P. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.002 · Cited by 21
Biological predictors of change in functioning in the Whitehall II study
Meena Kumari, B., Seeman, T. E., & Marmot, M. G. (2004) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.09.011 · Cited by 20
Self-citationGoldwater, D., Karlamangla, A., Merkin, S. S., & Seeman, T. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223168 · Cited by 19
Self-citationZhao, J., Xue, E., Zhou, S., Zhang, M., Sun, J., Tan, Y., & Li, X. (2024) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djae223 · Cited by 19
Changes in Allostatic Load during workplace reorganization
Carlsson, R. H., Hansen, Å. M., Nielsen, M. L., Blønd, M., & Netterstrøm, B. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.09.015 · Cited by 19
Men's Economic Dependency, Gender Ideology, and Stress at Midlife
Kim, J., & Luke, N. (2019) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12615 · Cited by 19
Cohort and Period Effects as Explanations for Declining Dementia Trends and Cognitive Aging
Clouston, S., Terrera, G. M., Rodgers, J. L., O’Keefe, P., Mann, F. D., Lewis, N. A., Wänström, L., Kaye, J. A., & Hofer, S. M. (2021) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12409 · Cited by 21
Tobin, C. S. T., Gutiérrez, Á., Bell, C. N., & Thorpe, R. J. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab185 · Cited by 21
Polick, C. S., Harris, M., Dennis, P. A., Noonan, D., Hastings, S. N., Calhoun, P. S., Rosemberg, M. A., & Stoddard, S. A. (2024) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648241230010 · Cited by 19
“…with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality across many populations (Parker et al., 2022), and additionally with frailty, disability, and number of chronic conditions in older adults (Freire et al., 2020; Gruenewald et al., 2009; Karlamangla et al., 2006; Seeman et al., 2001, 2004).”
BackgroundFramework as Metaphor: The Promise and Peril of MCH Life-Course Perspectives
Wise, P. H. (2003) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1025180203483 · Cited by 19
“Often termed “allostatic load,” this cumulative challenge to health has become an important element of lifecourse frameworks and is generally depicted as gradual, sustained accumulations of risk (7).”
Backgroundvan Houwelingen, A. H., den Elzen, W. P. J., Mooijaart, S. P., Heijmans, M., Blom, J. W., de Craen, A. J. M., & Gussekloo, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058050 · Cited by 19
“It is known that dysregulation in various physiological systems increases with age, and that dysregulation in multiple systems is associated with a higher mortality risk than dysregulation in one system alone [36,37].”
BackgroundEdes, A. N., Wolfe, B. A., & Crews, D. E. (2016) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21270 · Cited by 19
Kramer, B. L., Himmelstein, M. S., & Springer, K. W. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-017-9907-z · Cited by 19
Elephant in the Room: Why Spirituality and Religion Matter for Public Health
Oman, D. (2018) · Religion, spirituality and health: a social scientific approach · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73966-3_1 · Cited by 19
Edes, A. N., Edwards, K. L., Wolfe, B. A., Brown, J. L., & Crews, D. E. (2020) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.1177/1177271920914585 · Cited by 24
Rosenberg, N., Park, C. G., & Eldeirawi, K. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014000056 · Cited by 16
“These measures have been shown to predict incident physical decline((10)), cognitive dysfunction, CVD((9)), frailty((11,12)) and mortality((13)).”
BackgroundGalé, C. R., Batty, G. D., Cooper, S., Deary, I. J., Der, G., McEwen, B. S., & Cavanagh, J. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000189 · Cited by 19
“Such adaptations, which may affect the operating range of biological systems, are protective in the short-term but can come at a cost in terms of increased risk of morbidity or death (21).”
BackgroundSelf-citationResilience and biomarkers of health risk in Black smokers and nonsmokers.
Berg, C. J., Haardörfer, R., McBride, C. M., Kilaru, V., Ressler, K. J., Wingo, A. P., Saba, N. F., Payne, J. B., & Smith, A. K. (2017) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000540 · Cited by 19
“This approach has been studied in population-based survey research and indicated that higher allostatic load scores were associated with higher morbidity and mortality (Seeman et al., 2001; Seeman et al., 1997).”
ResultMullahy, J. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17588 · Cited by 19
“10 A prominent biometric example is allostatic load (e.g. Seeman et al., 2001) in which binary threshold (quantile) exceedances for each of m continuously measured biomarkers are summed to arrive at the comprehensive allostatic load measure.”
Impact of First Occupation on Health at Older Ages
Sindelar, J. L., Fletcher, J. M., Falba, T. A., Keenan, P. S., & Gallo, W. T. (2007) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13715 · Cited by 20
JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 275
Kinnunen, M.-L. (2005) · Cited by 19
Association between prolonged separation from parents and allostatic load among children in China
Sun, Y., Fang, J., Xu, Y.-X., Xu, L., Su, P., Zhang, Z., & Tao, F. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104715 · Cited by 18
The physiology of stress and the human body’s response to stress
Lee, R. S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823039-8.00017-4 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Singer, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Aetna (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2001-04-03
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4770-4775
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC31909
- OpenAlex
- W2015252215
- Cited by
- 1,385
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 30.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag017056-03)
- National Institute on Aging (AG00586, AG 17056)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- allostatic load, successful aging, older adults, mortality, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, biological mediators, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Stress, Physiological, Microvascular Angina
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