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Allostatic load as a marker of cumulative biological risk: MacArthur studies of successful aging
Open accessAbstract
Allostatic load (AL) has been proposed as a new conceptualization of cumulative biological burden exacted on the body through attempts to adapt to life's demands. Using a multisystem summary measure of AL, we evaluated its capacity to predict four categories of health outcomes, 7 years after a baseline survey of 1,189 men and women age 70–79. Higher baseline AL scores were associated with significantly increased risk for 7-year mortality as well as declines in cognitive and physical functioning and were marginally associated with incident cardiovascular disease events, independent of standard socio-demographic characteristics and baseline health status. The summary AL measure was based on 10 parameters of biological functioning, four of which are primary mediators in the cascade from perceived challenges to downstream health outcomes. Six of the components are secondary mediators reflecting primarily components of the metabolic syndrome (syndrome X). AL was a better predictor of mortality and decline in physical functioning than either the syndrome X or primary mediator components alone. The findings support the concept of AL as a measure of cumulative biological burden.
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“Fortunately, although diagnosable disease does not occur until later in life, there are several reliable indices of early damage to regulatory systems, allostatic load (Hwang et al., 2014; Robertson et al., 2017; Seeman et al., 2001), and cellular aging such as inflammation, telomere length, and epigenetic clock (Chen et al., 2016; Codd et al., 2013; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration et al., 201”
From More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science (2018) · cites this paper as Seeman et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“There is also wealth of evidence establishing direct pathways between the SNS and physical health (Danese and McEwen, 2012; McLaughlin et al., 2014a; Seeman et al., 2001).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Seeman et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“the effects were found to result from the contributions of multiple regulatory systems represented in the index, 164”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [164]
In the citing paper
“These associations were found both with respect to an initial 2.5 year follow-up period 176 as well as a longer 7-year period, 164”
From Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (2010) · cites this paper as [164]
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“This wear and tear increases susceptibility to infectious disease; early onset of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, morbid obesity, and metabolic syndrome; as well as mood disorders, functional limitations, and early death (McEwen, 2003, 2000, 1998; Seeman et al., 2001).”
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“identified AL as a more sensitive predictor of mortality and decline in physical functioning than the metabolic syndrome or the individual components of AL, and MetS alone [38,39].”
BackgroundSex-dependent role of glucocorticoids and androgens in the pathophysiology of human obesity
Pasquali, R., Vicennati, V, Gambineri, A., & Pagotto, U. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.129 · Cited by 74
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“This multisystem physiological dysregulation tends to be stronger than any single biological system indicator in predicting health outcomes (6,10).”
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“An initial battery of 10 biomarkers was reported in the seminal work to quantify allostatic load and has since been utilized in research as a cumulative indicator of overall stress adaptation [15,16].”
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“Furthermore, longitudinal follow-ups of the MacArthur cohort of successful agers showed associations between higher ALs and increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.(18,19)”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocioeconomic influences on brain function: implications for health
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“Subsequently, a body of work demonstrated that multiple health outcomes common at older ages were related to multisystem dysregulation as measured by allostatic load [2].”
BackgroundAssociation between Anxiety and Factors of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
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“Neuroendocrine and neural responses triggered by anxiety can be described as part of allostasis, i.e. the efforts of the body to maintain homeostasis and assure survival under stress. When these efforts are inefficiently repeated, the resulting wear and tear on the body is labeled the ‘allostatic load’, which can acce…”
BackgroundPsychosocial factors, biological mediators, and cancer prognosis: a new look at an old story
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“The allostatic concept conveys that if challenges are beyond the normal ranges of adaptive responses, wear and tear on regulatory systems occurs and allostatic load accumulates (36).”
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“Research has shown that high allostatic load is a predictor of increased cardiovascular disease, decreased cognitive function, decreased physical function, and mortality (Seeman et al., 2001).”
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“[61] point to comorbidity as a clinical manifestation of cumulative physiological burden:”
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Cumulative stress pathophysiology in schizophrenia as indexed by allostatic load
Nugent, K. L., Chiappelli, J., Rowland, L. M., & Hong, L. E. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.009 · Cited by 69
“AL has been successfully applied to predict worse health outcomes in other health conditions including greater mortality risk and declines in physical and cognitive functioning conditions (Seeman et al., 2001, Seeman et al., 2004).”
MethodInfluentialAllostatic Load and the Assessment of Cumulative Biological Risk in Biobehavioral Medicine
Gallo, L. C., Fortmann, A. L., & Mattei, J. (2014) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000095 · Cited by 68
“Although early allostatic load studies were conducted in a single cohort with limited sociodemographic variability (10,11), subsequent research has examined diverse populations and varied social constructs (e.”
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“Moreover, high allostatic load scores have been associated with increased risks for a number of stress-related chronic morbidities, declines in cognitive functioning, and all-cause mortality (Seeman et al., 2001; Karlamangla et al., 2002, 2006; Gruenewald et al., 2006; Juster et al., 2010; Beckie, 2012).”
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“In this multicentric population and family-based Swiss study, we found a strong association between SES, several lifestyle factors, and AL, a measure of generalized physiological dysregulation and a strong predictor of morbidity and all-cause mortality (Seeman et al., 2001).”
Berger, M., Juster, R., Westphal, S., Amminger, G. P., Bogerts, B., Schiltz, K., Bahn, S., Steiner, J. H., & Sarnyai, Z. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.02.001 · Cited by 74
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“The first one is rooted in biology and focuses on the concept of allostatic load (AL) to capture the cumulative biological burden exacted on the body from repeated attempts to adapt to life’s demands (Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundSocioeconomic status and health outcomes: cystic fibrosis as a model
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“Multiple studies show that the distribution of allostatic load is patterned by SES [99,101].”
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“Increased physiological stress response due to a paucity of social ties, as indicated by increased sympathetic nervous system activities, prolonged activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and increased inflammation, plays an important role in the development and exacerbation of hypertension [28] and is…”
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“Increased allostatic load is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease; metabolic components of allostatic load largely account for this association [13,14].”
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“, cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)) are examined separately (Seeman et al., 2001).”
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“The measurement of allostatic load has been conceptualized as an increasing number of biomarkers, indicating glucocorticoid dysregulation including elevated blood pressure, pulse rate, total cholesterol levels, C-reactive protein, serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen, among others [1,2,4,5].”
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Crouse, D. L., Balram, A., Hystad, P., Pinault, L. L., van den Bosch, M. A., Chen, H., Rainham, D. G. C., Thomson, E. M., Close, C. H., van Donkelaar, A., et al. (2018) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp3397 · Cited by 66
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“Though the exact combination of biomarkers we included varies slightly from other studies, the biomarkers and physiological systems captured in our measure of CBR overlap considerably with previously validated measures that have been linked to subsequent disease onset (Juster et al., 2010; McEwen & Gianaros, 2010; See…”
ResultCohen, A. A., Li, Q., Milot, E., Leroux, M., Faucher, S. J., Morissette-Thomas, V., Legault, V., Fried, L. P., & Ferrucci, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122541 · Cited by 64
“The lack of strong sensitivity to sample size, sex, and data set confirms the idea of a generalized underlying signal, supporting the hypothesis of dysregulation and concordant with studies on allostatic load and aging [9,10,11,32,33,34,35].”
ResultFranz, C. E., York, T. P., Eaves, L. J., Mendoza, S. P., Hauger, R. L., Hellhammer, D. H., Jacobson, K. C., Levine, S. D., LUPIEN, S. J., Lyons, M. J., et al. (2010) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9352-2 · Cited by 62
“…and HPA axis function increases with age, especially with sustained exposure to major stressors, and is associated with poorer health and cognitive outcomes (Dedovic et al. 2009; Hellhammer et al. 2009; Lupien et al. 2005, 2007; McEwen 2007; Seeman et al. 1997, 2001; Seeman and Robbins 1994).”
Psiconeuroinmunología de los trastornos mentales
Soria, V., Uribe, J., Salvat‐Pujol, N., Palao, D. J., Menchón, J. M., & Labad, J. (2017) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2017.07.006 · Cited by 68
“These include burn-out or chronic fatigue syndrome, as well as parameters associated with ageing such as cardiovascular risk, cognitive deterioration and mortality in elderly populations.(29)”
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“We then transform each of these biomarkers into standard deviation units and sum them (Davillas and Pudney, 2017; Howard and Sparks, 2016; Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMethodGlucocorticoid exposure predicts survival in female baboons
Campos, F. A., Archie, E. A., Gesquiere, L. R., Tung, J., Jeanne Altmann, A., & Alberts, S. C. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abf6759 · Cited by 62
“…of GCs is difficult to achieve in humans, where studies that have assessed the relationship between survival and GCs or other biomarkers of “allostatic load” usually involve one measurement, with survival (and possibly a second measurement) assessed at a specific follow-up time [e.g., ( 24 , 25 )].”
BackgroundPerceived age as a biomarker of ageing: a clinical methodology
Gunn, D. A., Murray, P., Tomlin, C. C., Rexbye, H., Christensen, K., & Mayes, A. E. (2008) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-008-9141-y · Cited by 62
“The usefulness of such a measure can be judged by its ability to predict mortality or age-related disease outcomes (Borkan and Norris 1980; Ingelsson et al. 2007; Seeman et al. 2001).”
Allostatic Load and Health in the Older Population of England
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“Other studies using the same data reported that baseline allostatic load score predicted functional decline (13), cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older people for a 7-year follow-up period (14,15).”
BackgroundResultGale, C. R., Booth, T., Starr, J. M., & Deary, I. J. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205789 · Cited by 64
Work Stress, Caregiving, and Allostatic Load
Dich, N., Lange, T., Head, J. A., & Rod, N. H. (2015) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000191 · Cited by 62
“High levels of AL have been linked to poor health and physical and cognitive decline in later life (15,16), making it an important concept for understanding stress-related morbidity and mortality.”
BackgroundOken, B., Wahbeh, H., Goodrich, E., Klee, D., Memmott, T., Miller, M., & Fu, R. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0640-7 · Cited by 64
“…directly related to intracerebral processes, or what have been called allostatic load measures, have generally been more sensitive to longer-term cross-sectional differences (Evans and Schamberg 2009; Juster et al. 2009; Seeman et al. 2001) and may have low sensitivity to a short-term intervention.”
Nelson, K. M., Reiber, G. E., Kohler, T. R., & Boyko, E. J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 62
The Multidimensional Taxonomy of Individual Resilience
Miller‐Graff, L. E. (2020) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020967329 · Cited by 72
“…load, for example, it appears that stress demonstrates a generally linear relationship with some outcomes, but other outcomes show a pattern of threshold effects, where declines in adaptation are only noted once a particular “threshold” of risk has been exceeded (e.g., Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundChadeau‐Hyam, M., Bodinier, B., Vermeulen, R. C. H., Karimi, M., Zuber, V., Castagné, R., Elliott, J., Muller, D. C., Petrović, D., Whitaker, M. D., et al. (2020) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100658 · Cited by 60
Multisystem Dysregulation in Painful Temporomandibular Disorders
Chen, H., Nackley, A. G., Miller, V. E., Diatchenko, L. B., & Maixner, W. D. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2013.03.011 · Cited by 62
“with comorbidities, we adopted Seeman’s (2001) multisystem dysregulation risk estimation method that was developed to concurrently measure elevated risk for dysregulation across multiple interconnected physiological systems in health research.(64) This method uses the summation of several biomarkers within ‘‘elevated-…”
MethodBarr, A. B., Simons, L. G., Simons, R. L., Beach, S. R. H., & Philibert, R. A. (2018) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122417751442 · Cited by 65
“One measure—allostatic load—is a biological composite indicative of cumulative biological risk for chronic diseases of aging (Brody, Lei, Chen, et al. 2014; Geronimus et al. 2006; McEwen 2000; McEwen and Seeman 2009; Seeman et al. 2001; Slopen et al. 2014).”
BackgroundIn-hospital stress and patient outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Ford, D. M., Budworth, L., Lawton, R., Teale, E. A., & O'Connor, D. B. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0282789 · Cited by 60
Allostatic Load in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Lucente, M., & Guidi, J. (2023) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000533424 · Cited by 61
“One is concerned with the use of biomarkers [8, 9] re fl ecting alterations in neuroendocrine and immune systems [3, 4], hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity [4, 10], brain architecture and neurochemical functions [11, 12], cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, endocrine-metabolic…”
BackgroundHousehold crowding is associated with higher allostatic load among the Inuit
Riva, M., Plusquellec, P., Juster, R., Laouan-Sidi, E. A., Abdous, B., Lucas, M., Déry, S., & Dewailly, É. (2014) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203270 · Cited by 68
Thomas, M. D., Michaels, E. K., Reeves, A. N., Okoye, U., Price, M. M., Hasson, R. E., Chae, D. H., & Allen, A. M. (2019) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.05.002 · Cited by 62
Symmetric faces are a sign of successful cognitive aging
Penke, L., Bates, T. C., Gow, A. J., Pattie, A., Starr, J. M., Jones, B. C., Perrett, D. I., & Deary, I. J. (2009) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.06.001 · Cited by 60
“Over the lifetime, an allostatic load of pathogenic and environmental insults, as well as accumulated stochastic events accumulate and continuously challenge the maintenance of developmental stability by somatic repair processes (Finch & Kirkwood, 2000; McEwen, 2006; Seeman et al., 2001), which highlights individual d…”
BackgroundDevelopments in molecular epidemiology of aging
Hägg, S., Belsky, D. W., & Cohen, A. A. (2019) · Emerging Topics in Life Sciences · doi:10.1042/etls20180173 · Cited by 58
Intervening to Decrease Teacher Stress: a Review of Current Research and New Directions
Sanetti, L. M. H., Boyle, A. M., Magrath, E., Cascio, A., & Moore, E. (2020) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-020-00285-x · Cited by 59
Allostatic load and mental health: a latent class analysis of physiological dysregulation
Carbone, J. T. (2020) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2020.1813711 · Cited by 65
“…et al., 2010; Rosmond & Bjorntorp, 2000; Santacroce & Crandell, 2014), Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) (Crews, 2007; Mattei et al., 2010), rheumatoid arthritis (Straub & Cutolo, 2001; Wilder & Elenkov, 1999), as well as cognitive and memory decline (Lucassen et al., 2017; Seeman et al., 2001).”
BackgroundDoan, S. N. (2021) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22107 · Cited by 68
Social status differences in allostatic load among young adults in the United States
Richardson, L. J., Goodwin, A. N., & Hummer, R. A. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100771 · Cited by 68
Role of Allostatic Load in Sociodemographic Patterns of Pain Prevalence in the U.S. Population
Slade, G. D., Sanders, A. E., & By, K. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.04.003 · Cited by 57
“In longitudinal studies, high allostatic load is predictive of all-cause mortality(3) and declines in cognitive and physical functioning.(46) Whether allostatic load contributes to pain is uncertain but nonetheless plausible.”
A Potential Role for Allostatic Load in Preeclampsia
Hux, V. J., & Roberts, J. M. (2014) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-014-1543-7 · Cited by 60
“These findings are consistent with those of studies of AL in the elderly population, which found higher allostatic to be associated with increased 7-year mortality, declining physical and cognitive function, and increased risk of a cardiovascular event [22].”
ResultGustafsson, P. E., Janlert, U., Theorell, T., Westerlund, H., & Hammarström, A. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9309-6 · Cited by 60
“Considering that allostatic load is a decent predictor of clinical morbidity [5, 6], our findings might very well signify pathways by”
BackgroundResultEvaluating measures of allostatic load in adolescents: A systematic review
Whelan, E., O'Shea, J., Hunt, E., & Dockray, S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105324 · Cited by 59
“Allostatic load has been well documented in adult populations, when the long-term effects of stress on health are more pronounced (Juster et al., 2010; McEwen, 2002; Seeman et al., 2001) and may represent cumulative as well as severity of stress experienced.”
BackgroundReligious Attendance and Biological Functioning
Hill, T. D., Rote, S. M., Ellison, C. G., & Burdette, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264314529333 · Cited by 58
Sood, E., Lisanti, A. J., Woolf‐King, S. E., Wray, J., Kasparian, N. A., Jackson, E., Gregory, M. R., Lopez, K. N., Marino, B. S., Neely, T., et al. (2021) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951121002134 · Cited by 60
The effect of job loss on health: Evidence from biomarkers
Michaud, P., Crimmins, E. M., & Hurd, M. D. (2016) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.014 · Cited by 55
Hux, V. J., Catov, J. M., & Roberts, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4572 · Cited by 61
“AL score ranged from 0 to 9.”
The Cost of Chronic Stress in Childhood: Understanding and Applying the Concept of Allostatic Load
Katz, D. A., Sprang, G., & Cooke, C. (2012) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2012.40.3.469 · Cited by 55
Recent advances in the role of cortisol and metabolic syndrome in age-related degenerative diseases
Martocchia, A., Stefanelli, M., Falaschi, G. M., Toussan, L., Ferri, C., & Falaschi, P. (2015) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0353-0 · Cited by 54
“outcomes: incident CVD, decline in physical and cognitive functioning, and mortality in the Mac Arthur Successful Aging Study [31].”
BackgroundTrajectories of allostatic load among older Americans and Britons: longitudinal cohort studies
Tampubolon, G., & Maharani, A. (2018) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0947-4 · Cited by 51
Debt stress, psychological distress and overall health among adults in Ontario
Hamilton, H. A., Wickens, C. M., Ialomiteanu, A., & Mann, R. E. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.008 · Cited by 55
Cuevas, A. G., Wang, K., Williams, D. R., Mattei, J., Tucker, K. L., & Falcón, L. M. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000715 · Cited by 58
“The frequent activation of multiple physiological systems to respond to acute internal or external challenges alters the balance and responsiveness of physiological systems, producing a wear and tear on the regulatory systems in the brain and body (7,52).”
BackgroundCirculating markers of ageing and allostatic load: A slow train coming
Shiels, P. G., Stenvinkel, P., Kooman, J. P., & McGuinness, D. (2016) · Practical Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.plabm.2016.04.002 · Cited by 53
Mortensen, J., Dich, N., Lange, T., Alexanderson, K. A. E., Goldberg, M., Head, J. A., Mika Kivimaki, B., Madsen, I. E. H., Rugulies, R., Vahtera, J., et al. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.3587 · Cited by 58
“These results are in line with recent findings showing no interactive effect of job strain and informal caregiving in relation to allostatic load (57), which is a biological measure of stress associated with poor health (58, 59).”
ResultControl of glycaemia: from molecules to men. Minkowski Lecture 2003
Stümvoll, M. (2004) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1400-0 · Cited by 54
“McEwen and others applied the concept of allostasis to help explain adaptive neuroendocrine responses to chronic stress, which ensure day-to-day survival but take a cumulative toll on the individual’s health [11, 12, 13].”
BackgroundMan, I. S. C., Shao, R., Hou, W. K., Li, S. X., Liu, F. Y., Lee, M., Wing, Y. K., Yau, S., & Lee, T. M. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101050 · Cited by 56
“Therefore, stress outcomes are results of the confluence of changes accumulated across multiple biological systems (Seeman et al., 2001).”
Antioxidant Properties of Wheat Bran against Oxidative Stress
Higuchi, M. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-401716-0.00015-5 · Cited by 54
Juster, R., Moskowitz, D. S., Lavoie, J., & D’Antono, B. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.835395 · Cited by 58
“AL indices were then constructed using the traditional count-based formulation (McEwen & Seeman, 1999; Seeman et al., 2001) calculated by summing the number of values falling at/or beyond the cut-off.”
MethodDiagnosing predation risk effects on demography: can measuring physiology provide the means?
Zanette, L., Clinchy, M., & Suraci, J. P. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3057-9 · Cited by 53
What if there’s no such thing as “aging”?
Cohen, A. A., Legault, V., & Fülöp, T. (2020) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111344 · Cited by 55
“For example, psychological stress through the hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA) appears to accelerate aging (defined either functionally or biochemically) (Seeman et al., 2001; Szanton et al., 2009), and should thus be considered a mechanism, particularly as it is upstream of the known molecular pathways.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Rowe, J. W., & Singer, B. H.
- Affiliations
- Aetna (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2001-04-03
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 4770-4775
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC31909
- OpenAlex
- W2015252215
- Cited by
- 1,385
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 68 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 86 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 67 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 79 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 30.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag017056-03)
- National Institute on Aging (AG00586, AG 17056)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Keywords
- allostatic load, successful aging, older adults, mortality, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, biological mediators, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Stress, Physiological, Microvascular Angina
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