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Amyloid seeds formed by cellular uptake, concentration, and aggregation of the amyloid-beta peptide
Open accessAbstract
One of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the amyloid plaque, primarily composed of aggregated amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide. In vitro, Aβ 1–42 , the major alloform of Aβ found in plaques, self-assembles into fibrils at micromolar concentrations and acidic pH. Such conditions do not exist in the extracellular fluid of the brain where the pH is neutral and Aβ concentrations are in the nanomolar range. Here, we show that extracellular soluble Aβ (sAβ) at concentrations as low as 1 nM was taken up by murine cortical neurons and neuroblastoma (SHSY5Y) cells but not by human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. Following uptake, Aβ accumulated in Lysotracker-positive acidic vesicles (likely late endosomes or lysosomes) where effective concentrations (>2.5 μM) were greater than two orders of magnitude higher than that in the extracellular fluid (25 nM), as quantified by fluorescence intensity using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Furthermore, SHSY5Y cells incubated with 1 μM Aβ 1–42 for several days demonstrated a time-dependent increase in intracellular high molecular weight (HMW) (>200 kDa) aggregates, which were absent in cells grown in the presence of Aβ 1–40 . Homogenates from these Aβ 1–42 -loaded cells were capable of seeding amyloid fibril growth. These results demonstrate that Aβ can be taken up by certain cells at low physiologically relevant concentrations of extracellular Aβ, and then concentrated into endosomes/lysosomes. At high concentrations, vesicular Aβ aggregates to form HMW species which are capable of seeding amyloid fibril growth. We speculate that extrusion of these aggregates may seed extracellular amyloid plaque formation during AD pathogenesis.
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“Although amyloid beta plaques are extracellular, mounting evidence suggests that aggregation also begins within neurons, where uptake and subsequent degradation within lysosomes has been dysregulated leading to intraneuronal accumulation leading to aggregation [14–20].”
From The Sigma-2 Receptor/TMEM97, PGRMC1, and LDL Receptor Complex Are Responsible for the Cellular Uptake of Aβ42 and Its Protein Aggregates (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“In contrast to the extracellular space, microglial lysosomes provide a suitable environment to facilitate Aβ aggregation, potentially contributing to the onset of plaque pathology15.”
From Sustained microglial depletion with CSF1R inhibitor impairs parenchymal plaque development in an Alzheimer’s disease model (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Interestingly, cellular reuptake of A into endosomes and lysosomes has been reported to facilitate its aggregation (37).”
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“Recent studies suggested the involvement of endosomes/lysosomes or intracellular assemblies of Aβ to be crucial factors (Hu et al., 2009; Marzesco et al., 2016).”
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Amyloid β oligomers inhibit growth of human cancer cells
Pavliukevičienė, B., Zentelytė, A., Jankunec, M., Valiulienė, G., Talaikis, M., Navakauskienė, R., Niaura, G., & Valinčius, G. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221563 · Cited by 42
Cai, J., Dao, P., Chen, H., Yan, L., Li, Y. L., Zhang, W., Li, L., Du, Z., Dong, C., & Meunier, B. (2019) · Dyes and Pigments · doi:10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.107968 · Cited by 43
Amyloid β Fibril Elongation by Monomers Involves Disorder at the Tip
Bacci, M., Vymětal, J., Mihajlovic, M., Caflisch, A., & Vitalis, A. (2017) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00662 · Cited by 39
Copper mediated amyloid-β binding to Transthyretin
Ciccone, L., Fruchart‐Gaillard, C., Mourier, G., Savko, M., Nencetti, S., Orlandini, E., Servent, D., Stura, E. A., & Shepard, W. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31808-5 · Cited by 38
Thellung, S., Corsaro, A., Villa, V., Simi, A., Vella, S., Pagano, A., & Florio, T. (2011) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.21 · Cited by 37
“Impairment of lysosomal activity also contributes to Alzheimer disease pathogenesis(29) with Ab peptides functioning as seeds for amyloid formation in acidic vesicles.(22) In TSE, PrP uptake in neurons occurs in the early phases of disease, allowing the formation of new PrP molecule and their diffusion into surroundin…”
BackgroundInvestigating Interventions in Alzheimer's Disease with Computer Simulation Models
Proctor, C. J., Boche, D., Gray, D. A., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073631 · Cited by 38
“Therefore we parameterised our model using data from a cellular system [38]and carried out all the simulations over a 12 day period.”
Candreva, J., Chau, E., Rice, M. E., & Kim, J. R. (2019) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00655 · Cited by 39
The dense-core plaques of Alzheimer’s disease are granulomas
Lemke, G., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20212477 · Cited by 37
“Neither of these conditions is present in the extracellular space of the brain, but both are present in the confined acidic environment of lysosomes (Fu et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMajor Reaction Coordinates Linking Transient Amyloid-β Oligomers to Fibrils Measured at Atomic Level
Chandra, B., Bhowmik, D., Maity, B. K., Mote, K. R., Dhara, D., Venkatramani, R., Maiti, S., & Madhu, P. K. (2017) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2017.06.068 · Cited by 37
Szigeti, K., Ihnatovych, I., Birkaya, B. G., Chen, Z., Ouf, A., Indurthi, D. C., Bard, J., Kann, J., Adams, A., Chaves, L. D., et al. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102892 · Cited by 38
“Amyloid beta uptake was performed using fluorescently labelled Ab1 42 as described previously [22].”
MethodEvidence for aggregation-independent, PrP C -mediated Aβ cellular internalization
Foley, A. R., Roseman, G. P., Chan, K., Smart, A., Finn, T. S., Yang, K., Lokey, R. S., Millhauser, G. L., & Raskatov, J. A. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2009238117 · Cited by 38
“An increase in intracellular Aβ can create local gradients of particularly high concentrations of Aβ which may favor intracellular Aβ aggregation, ultimately leading to increased pathogenicity and extracellular release of Aβ aggregates which can further act as a seed for fibril growth (10, 11).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Butter Flavorant, Diacetyl, Exacerbates β-Amyloid Cytotoxicity
More, S. S., Vartak, A. P., & Vince, R. (2012) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx3001016 · Cited by 36
Two-Step Amyloid Aggregation: Sequential Lag Phase Intermediates
Castello, F., Paredes, J. M., Ruedas-Rama, M. J., Martı́n, M., Roldán, M., Casares, S., & Orte, Á. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40065 · Cited by 35
Free Cholesterol Accelerates Aβ Self-Assembly on Membranes at Physiological Concentration
Hashemi, M., Banerjee, S., & Lyubchenko, Y. L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23052803 · Cited by 35
“However, in the majority of in vitro studies, the Aβ concentrations used are several orders of magnitude higher than the physiologically relevant concentrations [5,6]; no aggregation is observed at the physiological low nanomolar concentration of Aβ.”
BackgroundYuyama, K., & Yanagisawa, K. (2010) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.06.080 · Cited by 35
Yeung, P. S.-W., & Axelsen, P. H. (2012) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja3004478 · Cited by 35
Huang, L., Liu, X., Cheng, B., & Huang, K. (2015) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.01.007 · Cited by 34
Takamura, A., Okamoto, Y., Kawarabayashi, T., Yokoseki, T., Shibata, M. S., Mouri, A., Nabeshima, T., Sun, H., Abe, K., Urisu, T., et al. (2011) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-6-20 · Cited by 34
“These results place both extracellular [22,32] and intraneuronal AbOs [33,34] centrally within the mechanisms mediating AbOinduced neuronal dysfunction leading to memory loss [26,27].”
iPSC model of CHRFAM7A effect on α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor function in the human context
Ihnatovych, I., Nayak, T. K., Ouf, A., Süle, N., Birkaya, B. G., Chaves, L. D., Auerbach, A. L., & Szigeti, K. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0375-z · Cited by 34
Decock, M., Stanga, S., Octave, J., Dewachter, I., Smith, S. O., Constantinescu, S. N., & Kienlen‐Campard, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00107 · Cited by 35
“Previous studies have shown that Aβ concentrated by more than two orders of magnitude can reach micromolar concentrations in acidic vesicular compartments (Hu et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPreman, P., Moechars, D., Fertan, E., Wolfs, L., Serneels, L., Shah, D., Lamote, J., Poovathingal, S., Snellinx, A., Mancuso, R., et al. (2024) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s44321-024-00162-7 · Cited by 32
“A β , when endocytosed, becomes concentrated in the acidic endosomal compartments, which promotes amyloid fi bril formation and then secretion (Chung et al, 1999; Hu et al, 2009; Knauer et al, 1992).”
Griffin, E. F., Yan, X., Caldwell, K. A., & Caldwell, G. A. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy308 · Cited by 34
Effect of acidic pH on the stability of α‐synuclein dimers
Lv, Z., Krasnoslobodtsev, A. V., Zhang, Y., Ysselstein, D., Rochet, J., Blanchard, S. C., & Lyubchenko, Y. L. (2016) · Biopolymers · doi:10.1002/bip.22874 · Cited by 33
Jose, J. C., Chatterjee, P., & Sengupta, N. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106883 · Cited by 32
“intra- or extra-cellular regions of the human brain are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (ND) [1–6].”
BackgroundGwon, Y., Kam, T., Kim, S.-H., Song, S., Park, H., Lim, B., Lee, H., Lee, W., Jo, D., & Jung, Y. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1996-17.2018 · Cited by 33
“…of intraneuronal A is considered small, several studies suggested that the formation of amyloid seed, which leads to severe neuronal toxicity, is markedly accelerated by the locally concentrated A in the acidic organelles along with endo-lysosomal track (Hu et al., 2009; Poduslo et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAβ seeds and prions: How close the fit?
Rasmussen, J., Jucker, M., & Walker, L. C. (2017) · Prion · doi:10.1080/19336896.2017.1334029 · Cited by 33
“2012 [67] Hu X, Crick SL, Bu G, Frieden C, Pappu RV, Lee JM.”
BackgroundBeal, D. M., Tournus, M., Marchante, R., Purton, T. J., Smith, D. P., Tuite, M. F., Doumic, M., & Xue, W.-F. (2020) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101512 · Cited by 29
Ihnatovych, I., Birkaya, B. G., Notari, E., & Szigeti, K. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21249668 · Cited by 31
“Fluor-488- and Fluor-555-labeled Aβ1–42 (AnaSpec, Fremont, CA, USA) were reconstituted and the species was confirmed using Beer’s Law (extinction coefficient = absorbance/concentration/path length), as described previously [20,52].”
MethodChirality Dependence of Amyloid β Cellular Uptake and a New Mechanistic Perspective
Dutta, S., Finn, T. S., Kuhn, A. J., Abrams, B. S., & Raskatov, J. A. (2018) · ChemBioChem · doi:10.1002/cbic.201800708 · Cited by 31
CLT1 targets angiogenic endothelium through CLIC1 and fibronectin
Knowles, L. M., Malik, G., Hood, B. L., Conrads, T. P., & Pilch, J. (2011) · Angiogenesis · doi:10.1007/s10456-011-9247-8 · Cited by 29
Glucose directs amyloid-beta into membrane-active oligomers
Kedia, N., Almisry, M., & Bieschke, J. (2017) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c7cp02849k · Cited by 28
AβPeptide Originated from Platelets Promises New Strategy in Anti-Alzheimer’s Drug Development
Inyushin, M. Y., Sanabria, P., Rojas, L. V., Kucheryavykh, Y. V., & Kucheryavykh, L. Y. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/3948360 · Cited by 30
“The process of aggregation and amyloid fibril growth may be facilitated by seeding with preformed β-sheet amyloid resulting from cellular uptake, concentration, and aggregation of Aβ within endosomes/ exosomes [13].”
BackgroundLi, M., Zhao, A., Ren, J., & Qu, X. (2017) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00436 · Cited by 28
Whiten, D. R., Brownjohn, P. W., Moore, S., De, S., Strano, A., Zuo, Y., Haneklaus, M., Klenerman, D., & Livesey, F. J. (2020) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaa146 · Cited by 28
“Due to the high concentration of peptide required for oligomerization, it is presumed that Ab aggregates in vivo are formed intracellularly (Hu et al., 2009; Friedrich et al., 2010).”
Backgroundα-synuclein-assisted oligomerization of β-amyloid (1–42)
Chau, E., & Kim, J. R. (2022) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2022.109120 · Cited by 30
Yang, W., Ma, K., Qian, Y., Zhang, J.-S., Feng, G.-F., Shi, L., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Z. (2015) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.013 · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, X., Crick, S. L., Bu, G., Frieden, C., Pappu, R. V., & Lee, J.-M.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Computational Biology, and
- Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology and Physiology, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 48
- Pages
- 20324-20329
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC2787156
- OpenAlex
- W1968721593
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 36 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 15.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG030128, R01AG027924)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01-DK13332, R01DK013332)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01 NS32636, R01NS48283, R01 NS67905, R01NS067905, R01NS056114, R01NS048283, P01NS032636)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- amyloid-beta, amyloid-beta 42, Aβ40, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, lysosomes, late endosomes, cellular uptake, neuroblastoma cells, cortical neurons, amyloid plaque formation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Fluorescence, Humans, Neurons, Thiazoles, Immunoblotting, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Microscopy, Confocal, Cytoplasmic Vesicles, Cell Line, Tumor, Mice, Benzothiazoles, Plaque, Amyloid
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