The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants
Open accessAbstract
Progress in semiconductor technology paved the way for devices at the scale of a millimeter or less (“microimplants”), but the miniaturization of the power source remains challenging. Although wireless powering has been demonstrated, energy transfer beyond superficial depths in tissue has so far been limited by large coils (at least a centimeter in diameter) unsuitable for a microimplant. Here, we show that this limitation can be overcome by a method, termed midfield powering, to create a high-energy density region deep in tissue. We demonstrate wireless power transfer to a millimeter-sized device implanted five centimeters inside the chest on the surface of the heart—a depth once thought out of reach for wireless power transmission.
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Claims the paper makes
13 Sources not found · 10 No full text of the sources · 9 No basis given · 6 Own result · 4 Own interpretation · 3 Partly supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Using the Debye dispersion model for each tissue type (24), the peak efficiency was found to occur at 1.6 GHz.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Electromagnetic Region of Operation.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [24] 24. Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol 41(11): 2271-2293. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 2 describes tissue-specific parameters for predicting dielectric behavior and introduces the Debye equation, but says the tissue spectrum is more appropriately described by multiple Cole-Cole dispersions. Section 3 says a four Cole-Cole model was adopted throughout the study. The citation is attached to the model description, not the subsequent 1.6 GHz efficiency finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we show that this limitation can be overcome by a method, termed midfield powering, to create a high-energy density region deep in tissue inside of which the power-harvesting structure can be made extremely small.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike conventional near-field (inductively coupled) coils, for which coupling is limited by exponential field decay, a patterned metal plate is used to induce spatially confined and adaptive energy transport through propagating modes in tissue.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We use this method to power a microimplant (2 mm, 70 mg) capable of closed-chest wireless control of the heart that is orders of magnitude smaller than conventional pacemakers.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Provided that the fields can be refocused, computational studies show that the performance is insensitive to the fine structure and composition of the intermediate tissue (30).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] 30. Kim S, Ho JS, Chen LY, Poon ASY (2012) Wireless power transfer to a cardiac implant. Appl Phys Lett 101:073701. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“When coupling 500 mW of focused power into tissue, the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) was found to be 0.89 W/kg for the body and 1.17 W/kg for the head, averaged over 10 g of tissue (Fig. 3 C and D).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 3 C and D
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The porcine tissue and simulated tissue models used in the experiments adequately represent human tissue for the power transfer and safety conclusions.
- Not matched
In the paper
“For appropriate phases between the port signals, the slot-array structure generates circular current paths that approximate the optimal current density (23).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Experimental Realization
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Kim S, Ho JS, Poon ASY (2013) Midfield wireless powering of subwavelength au- tonomous devices. Phys Rev Lett 110:203905. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike conventional near-field coupling, energy from the midfield source is primarily carried in propagating modes.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Theory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The received power remains substantial (∼10 μW) even when the operating depth is increased to 10 cm.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Software control of these phases can refocus the fields without mechanical reconfiguration.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 5
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“However, these methods are anatomically specific and, in their existing forms, yield power densities too low (<0.1 μW/mm 2 ) for a microimplant.”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] 4. Hochbaum AI, et al. (2008) Enhanced thermoelectric performance of rough silicon nanowires. Nature 451(7175):163-167. source
- Partly supportedcites [5] 5. Xu S, Hansen BJ, Wang ZL (2010) Piezoelectric-nanowire-enabled power source for driving wireless microelectronics. Nat Commun 1:93. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage following the Abstract says earlier piezoelectric nanogenerators produced too little power for conventional components. It does not establish that thermoelectric, biopotential, or glucose-based methods are anatomically specific, nor does it give the <0.1 μW/mm² threshold or assess whether those methods can power a microimplant. The Discussion reports this paper’s generator output in mW/cm³, a different measure. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] 6. Wang ZL, Wu W (2012) Nanotechnology-enabled energy harvesting for self-powered micro-/nanosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 51(47):11700-11721. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Dagdeviren C, et al. (2014) Conformal piezoelectric energy harvesting and storage from motions of the heart, lung, and diaphragm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111(5): 1927-1932. source
- Partly supportedcites [8] 8. Mercier PP, Lysaght AC, Bandyopadhyay S, Chandrakasan AP, Stankovic KM (2012) Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear. Nat Biotechnol 30(12): 1240-1243. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage on implantable energy sources (section labelled Abstract; page unavailable) says thermoelectric and piezoelectric approaches require externally worn apparatuses for mammalian applications, and describes limitations of reported biofuel cells. It does not give a <0.1 μW/mm² power-density threshold for those methods or establish that all four named methods are anatomically specific and too low-power for a microimplant. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Though well-suited for large devices and prostheses (21,22), near-field methods do not address key challenges to powering a microimplant: weak coupling between extremely asymmetric source and receiver structures (23), dissipative and heterogeneous tissue (24), and regulatory power thresholds for general safety (25).”
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Kim S, Ho JS, Poon ASY (2013) Midfield wireless powering of subwavelength au- tonomous devices. Phys Rev Lett 110:203905. source
- Partly supportedcites [24] 24. Gabriel S, Lau RW, Gabriel C (1996) The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. Phys Med Biol 41(11): 2271-2293. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The model and figure in Section 5 report permittivity and conductivity for 17 distinct tissues, supporting the cited point that tissue has differing, dissipative electrical properties. The paper does not assess whether near-field methods can address those properties when powering a microimplant. Citation (24) is attached to the tissue-property point, not the separately cited coupling or regulatory claims. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not matchedcites [25] 25. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (2005) IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. IEEE Standard C95.1 (IEEE, New York).
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With exposure levels below human safety thresholds, milliwatt levels of power can be transferred to a deep-tissue (>5 cm) microimplant for both complex electronic function and physiological stimulation.”
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The porcine tissue and simulated tissue models used in the experiments adequately represent human tissue for the power transfer and safety conclusions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a patterned metal plate to control the near field, we demonstrate milliwatt levels of power transfer to a miniaturized coil deep in heterogeneous tissue (>5 cm), with exposure levels below safety thresholds for humans; this enables us to power a microimplant capable of delivering controlled electrical pulses to nearly anywhere in the body.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The porcine tissue and simulated tissue models used in the experiments adequately represent human tissue for the power transfer and safety conclusions.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When coupling 500 mW into tissue (approximately the output power of cell phones), we measured the power transferred to the coil to be 195 μW for the heart and 200 μW for the brain configurations.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The source and device positions in the porcine tissue configurations represent realistic deep-tissue powering scenarios.
In the paper
“Analysis of the fields on the surface of the skin shows that the evanescent spectrum approximates the theoretical optimum (Fig. 2B), although the contribution of the radiative modes is ∼2× greater owing to the inherent directionality of the planar structure.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Experimental Realization
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 2B
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We demonstrate wireless function by operating it in human-scale heart and brain environments, and by wirelessly regulating cardiac rhythm through a chest wall.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The rabbit cardiac pacing model is representative of human cardiac pacing for the wireless control claim.
In the paper
“If the power coupled into tissue is allowed to meet the maximum permitted level of exposure, Fig. 3F shows that 2.2 mW and 1.7 mW can be transferred for the configurations shown in Fig. 3 A and B, respectively.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 3F
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
- Not matched
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These levels are far greater than requirements for advanced integrated circuits (Table S1); in comparison, cardiac pacemakers consume ∼8 μW (1, 29).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] 1. Chandrakasan AP, Verma N, Daly DC (2008) Ultralow-power electronics for bio- medical applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 10:247-274. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Wong LSY, et al. (2004) A very low-power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 39:2446-2456. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Over an S-shaped trajectory of motion, this adaptation eliminates dark regions that otherwise occur in the static case (Fig. 4 C and D), indicating a coverage area much wider than that intrinsic to the focal region (Fig. S5).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 4 C and D
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Fig. S5
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“When positioned above tissue, the structure couples power from the external circuitry into the tissue volume with high efficiency (>90%), as evidenced by both low levels of backside radiation and a pronounced minimum in the scattering spectrum (Fig. S2B).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Experimental Realization
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. S2B
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using a patterned metal plate placed in close proximity to skin, the output field can be focused to dimensions much smaller than the vacuum wavelength, creating a highenergy density region within which the power-harvesting structure can be made extremely small.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Theory
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cardiac rhythm can be controlled in a fully wireless manner by adjusting the operating frequencywhen coincident with the resonant frequency of the circuit, the pulse amplitudes are sufficient to pace the heart, as indicated by the increased rate and regularity of the ECG signal (Fig. 5D).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fig. 5D
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The rabbit cardiac pacing model is representative of human cardiac pacing for the wireless control claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The electrostimulator device shown in Fig. 5 A-C is 2 mm in diameter, weighs 70 mg, and is capable of generating 2.4-μJ pulses at rates dependent on the extracted power; its characteristic dimension is at least an order of magnitude smaller than existing commercial pacemakers (29) due to the absence of a battery (Fig. S6B).”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Wong LSY, et al. (2004) A very low-power CMOS mixed-signal IC for implantable pacemaker applications. IEEE J Solid-State Circuits 39:2446-2456. source
- Not matchedcites Fig. S6B
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The minimum power to operate the device is ∼10 μW.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Electromagnetic Region of Operation.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although considerable progress has been made in energy storage technologies, batteries remain a major obstacle to miniaturization (2, 3) because their lifetimes are limited and highly constrained by the available volume, requiring periodic surgical replacement once the unit is depleted.”
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The approach developed here should enable new generations of implantable systems that can be integrated into the body at minimal cost and risk.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All testing procedures and equipment are the same or equivalent to those used to demonstrate safety compliance to international standards for consumer electronics, including cell phones and other wireless equipment.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Specific Absorption Rate Measurement.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systems based on similar concepts can be applied for any other optical or electrical stimulation task in the body, including neurons or muscle cells; they can also potentially be generalized to networks of individually addressable probes for coordinated mapping and stimulation.”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Results
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Because the performance characteristics shown here far exceed requirements for integrated technologies (optoelectronics, microelectromechanical systems sensors, and logic units), there are considerable possibilities for new generations of microimplants: the size, for example, can be further reduced to micrometer scales (23) or more sophisticated functions implemented, such as real-time monitoring”
§ Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants > Conclusion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Kim S, Ho JS, Poon ASY (2013) Midfield wireless powering of subwavelength au- tonomous devices. Phys Rev Lett 110:203905. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The porcine tissue and simulated tissue models used in the experiments adequately represent human tissue for the power transfer and safety conclusions.
“The source and device positions within a porcine tissue volume, shown in Fig. 3 A and B using MRI reconstructions, are separated by at least 5 cm.”
“To assess the exposure levels induced by power transfer, we operated our source over a simulated tissue volume defined by an anthropomorphic fiberglass shell.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The liquid solution with dielectric properties mimicking muscle tissue adequately represents muscle tissue for efficiency measurements.
“when transferring power to a device submerged in a liquid solution with dielectric properties mimicking muscle tissue”
“0.5% saline”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rabbit cardiac pacing model is representative of human cardiac pacing for the wireless control claim.
“As a demonstration of stimulation capabilities in vivo, we inserted the wireless electrostimulator into the lower epicardium of a rabbit.”
“Cardiac rhythm can be controlled in a fully wireless manner by adjusting the operating frequencywhen coincident with the resonant frequency of the circuit, the pulse amplitudes are sufficient to pace the heart, as indicated by the increased rate and regularity of the ECG signal (Fig. 5D).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The source and device positions in the porcine tissue configurations represent realistic deep-tissue powering scenarios.
“The source and device positions within a porcine tissue volume, shown in Fig. 3 A and B using MRI reconstructions, are separated by at least 5 cm.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“It is remarkable that unlike prior arts operating at hundreds of MHz4,6,7, the proposed inductive coupling links at 13.56 MHz and 40.68 MHz bands render SARs 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than the safety regulation threshold.”
From Synchronized Biventricular Heart Pacing in a Closed-chest Porcine Model based on Wirelessly Powered Leadless Pacemakers (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Continuous midfield powering has been utilized to power a cardiac implant at a 5 cm range by coupling 500 mW into tissue and achieving nearly 200 µW while remaining below SAR safety thresholds19, 20.”
From Inductively powered wireless pacing via a miniature pacemaker and remote stimulation control system (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While many remain battery-powered, wireless power transfer techniques can further reduce the form factor and invasiveness of these devices4–10.”
From Synchronized Biventricular Heart Pacing in a Closed-chest Porcine Model based on Wirelessly Powered Leadless Pacemakers (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior studies have investigated wirelessly powered single-site cardiac pacing on rodent, rabbit and open-chest porcine models4,5,21.”
From Synchronized Biventricular Heart Pacing in a Closed-chest Porcine Model based on Wirelessly Powered Leadless Pacemakers (2020) · cites this paper as [4]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, inductive power transfer introduces numerous bioengineering challenges due to Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limits and minimal size capacity for device implantation.”
From Inductively powered wireless pacing via a miniature pacemaker and remote stimulation control system (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While midfield promises about 2 mW of power transfer at the maximum safety threshold of SAR limits20, this requires higher energy coupled into the system, which may be impractical for a pacemaker.”
From Inductively powered wireless pacing via a miniature pacemaker and remote stimulation control system (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Citations
Cites
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Wireless Power Transfer via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ho, J. S., Yeh, A. J., Neofytou, E., Kim, S., Tanabe, Y., Patlolla, B., Beygui, R. E., & Poon, A. S. Y.
- Affiliations
- Departments of aElectrical Engineering and
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-05-19
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 7974-7979
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4050616
- OpenAlex
- W2103709281
- Cited by
- 541
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 10
- FWCI
- 29.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-06-20)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Wireless Power Transfer Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Keywords
- wireless power transfer, inductive coupling, cardiac implantable electronic devices, physiological stimulation, energy density
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cerebral Cortex, Electromagnetic Fields, Electronics, Medical, Equipment Design, Heart Ventricles, Humans, Miniaturization, Models, Theoretical, Electric Power Supplies, Rabbits, Semiconductors, Skin, Swine, Prostheses and Implants, Optics and Photonics, Wireless Technology
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