Energy extraction from the biologic battery in the inner ear
Open accessAbstract
Endocochlear potential (EP) is a battery-like electrochemical gradient found in and actively maintained by the inner ear. Here we demonstrate that the mammalian EP can be used as a power source for electronic devices. We achieved this by designing an anatomically sized, ultra-low quiescent-power energy harvester chip integrated with a wireless sensor capable of monitoring the EP itself. Although other forms of in vivo energy harvesting have been described in lower organisms, and thermoelectric, piezoelectric and biofuel devices are promising for mammalian applications, there have been few, if any, in vivo demonstrations in the vicinity of the ear, eye and brain. In this work, the chip extracted a minimum of 1.12 nW from the EP of a guinea pig for up to 5 h, enabling a 2.4 GHz radio to transmit measurement of the EP every 40–360 s. With future optimization of electrode design, we envision using the biologic battery in the inner ear to power chemical and molecular sensors, or drug-delivery actuators for diagnosis and therapy of hearing loss and other disorders.
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Existing energy-harvesting methods (thermoelectric, piezoelectric, biopotential, or glucose) are anatomically specific and yield power densities too low (<0.1 μW/mm2) for a microimplant.
“However, these methods are anatomically specific and, in their existing forms, yield power densities too low (<0.1 μW/mm 2 ) for a microimplant.”
From Wireless power transfer to deep-tissue microimplants (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
The passage on implantable energy sources (section labelled Abstract; page unavailable) says thermoelectric and piezoelectric approaches require externally worn apparatuses for mammalian applications, and describes limitations of reported biofuel cells. It does not give a <0.1 μW/mm² power-density threshold for those methods or establish that all four named methods are anatomically specific and too low-power for a microimplant. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Mercier, P. P., Lysaght, A. C., Bandyopadhyay, S., Chandrakasan, A. P., & Stankovic, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (US)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chandrakasan, Anantha P
- Venue
- Nature Biotechnology
- Published
- 2012-11-08
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1240-1243
- ISSN
- 0733-222X (ISSN-L)
- 1087-0156
- 1546-1696
- PMC
- PMC3938019
- OpenAlex
- W1969081205
- Semantic Scholar
- c38cf0e394da70450cfde571d9f6dd4bba0fbfc1
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 28.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (T32-DC-00038, K08DC010419, T32DC000038)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Wireless Body Area Networks
- Keywords
- endocochlear potential, inner ear, wireless sensors, guinea pig, hearing loss, molecular sensors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Bioelectric Energy Sources, Biotechnology, Cochlear Microphonic Potentials, Electronics, Medical, Equipment Design, Guinea Pigs, Ear, Inner, Electrophysiological Phenomena
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