Cited by 530Adipose Tissue and MetabolismAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesCardiovascular Disease and Adiposity

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Mapping of human brown adipose tissue in lean and obese young men

Open access

Leitner, Brooks P., Huang, Shan, Brychta, Robert J., Duckworth, Courtney J., Baskin, Alison S., McGehee, Suzanne, Tal, Ilan, Dieckmann, William, Gupta, Garima, Kolodny, Gerald M., Pacak, Karel, Herscovitch, Peter, Cypess, Aaron M., Chen, Kong Y.·2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1705287114PMC PMC5559032

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Abstract

F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT). Obese men had less activated BAT than lean men (mean, 130 vs. 334 mL) but more fat in BAT-containing depots (mean, 1,646 vs. 855 mL) with a wide range (0.1-71%) in the ratio of activated BAT to inactive fat between individuals. Six anatomic regions had activated BAT-cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, paraspinal, and abdominal-with 67 ± 20% of all activated BAT concentrated in a continuous fascial layer comprising the first three depots in the upper torso. These nonsubcutaneous fat depots amounted to 1.5% of total body mass (4.3% of total fat mass), and up to 90% of each depot could be activated BAT. The amount and activity of BAT was significantly influenced by region of interest selection methods, PET threshold criteria, and PET resolutions. The present study suggests that active BAT can be found in specific adipose depots in adult humans, but less than one-half of the fat in these depots is stimulated by acute cold exposure, demonstrating a previously underappreciated thermogenic potential.

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
The Effect of FOXC2-AS1 on White Adipocyte Browning and the Possible Regulatory Mechanism
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Background
Multimodal analysis suggests differential immuno-metabolic crosstalk in lung squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
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Background
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Background
Adipose tissue thermogenesis by calcium futile cycling
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“The improvement of PET/CT analysis also shows the metabolic capacity in human BAT is substantially higher than usually reported (12).”
Background
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Yildiz, R., Ganbold, K., Sparman, N. Z. R., & Rajbhandari, P. (2025) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70001 · Cited by 17
“Additional human BAT depots are identified in supraclavicular, axillary, cervical, mediastinal, paraspinal, and abdominal regions (Leitner et al. 2017).”
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Human thermogenic adipose tissue
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Background
Brown Adipose Tissue Response to Cold Stimulation Is Reduced in Girls With Autoimmune Hypothyroidism
Law, J., Morris, D. E., Astle, V., Finn, E., Muros, J. J., Robinson, L., Randell, T. L., Denvir, L. A., Symonds, M. E., & Budge, H. (2019) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2019-00342 · Cited by 15
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“More importantly, up to 90% of human adult BAT could be activated BAT [22].”
Background
Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations Are Positively Associated with Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans
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“Although this could partially be due to the large range in BAT metabolic volume in the present cohort, recent evidence indicates a broad range for BAT metabolic volume is reflective of the norm for healthy mild-cold exposed humans [1,53].”
Background
The obesity‐linked human lncRNA AATBC stimulates mitochondrial function in adipocytes
Giroud, M., Kotschi, S., Kwon, Y., Thuc, O. L., Hoffmann, A., Gil‐Lozano, M., Karbiener, M., Higareda‐Almaraz, J. C., Khani, S., Tews, D., et al. (2023) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202357600 · Cited by 16
“While in humans, metabolic disease is mainly associated with white adipocytes, thermogenic adipocytes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) are associated with metabolic health (van Marken Lich-tenbelt et al , 2009; Chondronikola et al , 2014; Leitner et al , 2017; U Din et al , 2018).”
Background
UCP1 expression in human brown adipose tissue is inversely associated with cardiometabolic risk factors
Kwok, T. C., Ramage, L. E., Kelman, A., Suchacki, K. J., Gray, C. D., Boyle, L. D., Semple, S. I. K., MacGillivray, T., Macnaught, G., Patel, D., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvae074 · Cited by 15
“3,34 Therefore, the effects of obesity on BAT activity may have been confounded by age.”
Background
Insulin sensitivity in long-lived growth hormone-releasing hormone knockout mice
Zhang, F., Icyuz, M., Liu, Z., Fitch, M. P., & Sun, L. Y. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.103588 · Cited by 14
“Brown adipose tissue functions to maintain body temperature and dissipate excess energy to affect body metabolism and regulate insulin sensitivity in mammals and human [55, 56].”
Background
Activation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Channels in the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and Activation of Dynorphin Input to the Median Preoptic Nucleus Contribute to Impaired BAT Thermogenesis in Diet-Induced Obesity
da Conceição, E. P. S., Reynolds, C. A., Morrison, S. F., & Madden, C. J. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0048-21.2021 · Cited by 14
“Importantly, cold-evoked activation of BAT thermogenesis is impaired in obese humans (van Marken Lichtenbelt et al., 2009; Leitner et al., 2017) and rats (Sakaguchi et al.”
Background
Lean in one way, in obesity another: effects of moderate exercise in brown adipose tissue of early overfed male Wistar rats
Almeida, D. L., Moreira, V. M., Cardozo, L. E., Ferreira-Junior, M. D., Pavanelo, A., Ribeiro, T. A., Franco, C. C. D. S., Tófolo, L. P., Peres, M. N. C., Ribeiro, M. V. G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-00969-1 · Cited by 14
Infrared thermography, a new method for detection of brown adipose tissue activity after a meal in humans
Habek, N., Kordić, M., Jurenec, F., & Dugandžić, A. (2018) · Infrared Physics & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.infrared.2018.01.020 · Cited by 14
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Kim, K., Huang, S., Fletcher, L. A., O’Mara, A. E., Tal, I., Brychta, R. J., Cypess, A. M., Chen, K. Y., & Leitner, B. P. (2019) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/58469 · Cited by 14
Sleep duration and quality are not associated with brown adipose tissue volume or activity—as determined by 18F-FDG uptake, in young, sedentary adults
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“For confirmatory analyses, the BAT SUVmean and SUVpeak with respect to lean body mass (SUVLBM) [50] were calculated.”
Method
The role of brown adipose tissue and the thermogenic adipocytes in glucose metabolism: recent advances and open questions
Chondronikola, M. (2020) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000662 · Cited by 14
“Several reasons may underlie this discrepancy, including the underestimation of BAT volume using (18)FFDG-PET/CT imaging [2], inability to assess thermogenic adipocytes in WAT using the current imaging methods, possible indirect effects of BAT on other peripheral tissues (as suggested from previous studies in rodents)…”
Background
Prevalence and Associated Factor of Brown Adipose Tissue: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Worku, M. G., Seretew, W. S., Angaw, D. A., & Tesema, G. A. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/9106976 · Cited by 15
“Several studies had indicated BAT is occasionally present and active in adult humans [12, 19, 21], and other studies indicated BAT is related to the body mass index [3, 5, 11, 22].”
BackgroundInfluential
Histone H3 methyltransferase Ezh2 promotes white adipocytes but inhibits brown and beige adipocyte differentiation in mice
Wu, X., Li, J., Chang, K., Yang, F., Jia, Z. H., Sun, C., Li, Q., & Xu, Y. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158901 · Cited by 14
Effect of BMI on the Thermogenic Response to Cold Exposure and Associated Changes in Metabolism and Browning Markers in Adult Humans
Mengel, L. A., Moud, B. N., Seidl, H., Mesas‐Fernández, A., Seeliger, C., Brandl, B., Skurk, T., Holzapfel, C., Claussnitzer, M., & Hauner, H. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000522218 · Cited by 13
Chronic cAMP activation induces adipocyte browning through discordant biphasic remodeling of transcriptome and chromatin accessibility
So, J., Taleb, S., Wann, J., Strobel, O., Kim, K., & Roh, H. C. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101619 · Cited by 14
Brown adipocyte and browning thermogenesis: metabolic crosstalk beyond mitochondrial limits and physiological impacts
Nguyen, V. T.-T., Vu, V. V., & Pham, P. V. (2023) · Adipocyte · doi:10.1080/21623945.2023.2237164 · Cited by 15
“It was shown that even though lean people have more BAT content than obese individuals, it was found that obese people have more browning capacity in their white depots [2].”
BackgroundInfluential
Very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and free fatty acid plasma kinetics in women with high or low brown adipose tissue volume and overweight/obesity
Chondronikola, M., Yoshino, J., Ramaswamy, R. S., Giardina, J. D., Laforest, R. A., Wahl, R. L., Patterson, B. W., Mittendorfer, B., & Klein, S. (2024) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101370 · Cited by 15
Genetic or pharmacological GHSR blockade has sexually dimorphic effects in rodents on a high-fat diet
Lékó, A. H., Gregory‐Flores, A., Marchette, R. C. N., Gomez, J. L., Vendruscolo, J. C. M., Repunte‐Canonigo, V., Chuong, V., Deschaine, S. L., Whiting, K. E., Jackson, S. N., et al. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06303-5 · Cited by 13
“However, BAT may have a limited role in energy expenditure in humans, especially in obese individuals, where the ratio of BAT activated by cold exposure is signi ﬁ cantly lower 54 .”
A Glance into the Near Future: Cultivated Meat from Mammalian and Insect Cells
Giglio, F., Scieuzo, C., Ouazri, S., Pucciarelli, V., Ianniciello, D., Letcher, S. M., Salvia, R., Laginestra, A., Kaplan, D. L., & Falabella, P. (2024) · Small Science · doi:10.1002/smsc.202400122 · Cited by 13
Leveraging GPCR signaling in thermogenic fat to counteract metabolic diseases
Johansen, O. S., Ma, T., & Gerhart‐Hines, Z. (2022) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101474 · Cited by 13
“This last variable is critical as recent evidence suggests that there may be significantly more ‘recruitable’ energy-dissipating adipose depots [23] than what has been previously proposed.”
Background
Thermogenic responses to different clamped skin temperatures in cold-exposed men and women
Dumont, L., Lessard, R., Semeniuk, K., Chahrour, H., McCormick, J. J., Acosta, F. M., Blondin, D. P., & Haman, F. (2022) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2021 · Cited by 13
Hyperlipidemias and Obesity
Thiriet, M. (2018) · Biomathematical and biomechanical modeling of the circulatory and ventilatory systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89315-0_5 · Cited by 14
Relationship between the Daily Rhythm of Distal Skin Temperature and Brown Adipose Tissue 18 F-FDG Uptake in Young Sedentary Adults
Acosta, F. M., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Blondin, D. P., Haman, F., Rensen, P. C. N., Elvira, J. M. L., Martínez-Nicolás, A., & Ruiz, J. R. (2019) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730419865400 · Cited by 13
“Finally, for confirmatory analyses, the BAT SUVmean and SUVpeak and the all-muscles and descending aorta SUVpeak with respect to lean body mass (SUVLBM; Leitner et al., 2017) were calculated.”
Method
A developed serum-free medium and an optimized chemical cocktail for direct conversion of human dermal fibroblasts into brown adipocytes
Takeda, Y., & Dai, P. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60769-x · Cited by 13
Activated brown adipose tissue releases exosomes containing mitochondrial methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP dependent) 1-like protein (MTHFD1L)
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Extracellular thiamine concentration influences thermogenic competency of differentiating neck area-derived human adipocytes
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The Impact of Obesity on Tumor Glucose Uptake in Breast and Lung Cancer
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Role of Dietary Polyphenols in Adipose Tissue Browning: A Narrative Review
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Evaluation of the Body Composition and Selected Physiological Variables of the Skin Surface Depending on Technical and Tactical Skills of Kickboxing Athletes in K1 Style
Rydzik, Ł., Ambroży, T., Obmiński, Z., Błach, W., & Ouergui, I. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111625 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, the mean fat percentage in athletes in the present study showed an optimal range according to the accepted norms [46,47].”
Result
PET/MRI-evaluated brown adipose tissue activity may be related to dietary MUFA and omega-6 fatty acids intake
Maliszewska, K., Adamska-Patruno, E., Miniewska, K., Bauer, W., Mojsak, M. N., & Kretowski, A. J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-08125-z · Cited by 15
The involvement of the adrenergic nervous system in activating human brown adipose tissue and browning
Pinto, Y. O., Festuccia, W. T., & Magdalon, J. (2022) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/s42000-022-00361-2 · Cited by 12
“BAT can be found in specific adipose depots in adult humans, such as cervical, abdominal, axillary, paravertebral, mediastinal, and especially supraclavicular regions [2].”
Background
Brown to White Fat Transition Overlap With Skeletal Muscle During Development of Larger Mammals: Is it a Coincidence?
Pani, S., Dey, S., Pati, B., Senapati, U., & Bal, N. C. (2022) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/jendso/bvac151 · Cited by 12
Availability of abundant thiamine determines efficiency of thermogenic activation in human neck area derived adipocytes
Arianti, R., Vinnai, B. Á., Győry, F., Guba, A., Csősz, É., Kristóf, E., & Fésüs, L. (2023) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109385 · Cited by 12
From Beats to Metabolism: the Heart at the Core of Interorgan Metabolic Cross Talk
Romero-Becerra, R., Santamans, A. M., Arcones, A. C., & Sabio, G. (2023) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/physiol.00018.2023 · Cited by 12
Evidence of high 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the dorsocervical area in young adults
Martínez‐Téllez, B., Sánchez‐Delgado, G., Alcántara, J. M. A., Acosta, F. M., Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., Osuna‐Prieto, F. J., Pérez‐Bey, A., Jiménez‐Pavón, D., Elvira, J. M. L., Gil, Á., et al. (2018) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087428 · Cited by 12
Nesfatin-1 Acts Centrally to Induce Sympathetic Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue and Non-Shivering Thermogenesis
Levata, L., Dore, R., Jöhren, O., Schwaninger, M., Schulz, C., & Lehnert, H. (2019) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/a-0985-4272 · Cited by 12
“Moreover, very recent human studies demonstrated a reduced activation of BAT in obese as compared with lean subjects following 5 h of cold exposure [37] and an association between higher BAT activity and better metabolic health, while lower BAT activity gives rise to adiposity and insulin resistance [38].”
Background
Effects of stem cells from inducible brown adipose tissue on diet-induced obesity in mice
Calvo, E., Keiran, N., Núñez‐Roa, C., Maymó‐Masip, E., Ejarque, M., Sabadell‐Basallote, J., Rodríguez-Peña, M. D. M., Ceperuelo‐Mallafré, V., Seco, J., Benaiges, E., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93224-6 · Cited by 11
Polyamine metabolism in macrophage–adipose tissue function and homeostasis
Pisani, D. F., Lettieri‐Barbato, D., & Ivanov, S. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.05.008 · Cited by 14
The administration of an extract from Berberis microphylla stimulates energy expenditure, thermogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics in mice brown adipose tissue
Ramirez, L., Quezada, J. U. C., Duarte-Silva, L., Concha, F., Escobillana, L., Rincón‐Cervera, M. Á., Pérez‐Bravo, F., Elorza, Á. A., Bravo, R., & García‐Díaz, D. F. (2021) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100988 · Cited by 11
Norepinephrine and T4 Are Predictors of Fat Mass Gain in Humans With Cold-Induced Brown Adipose Tissue Activation
Begaye, B., Piaggi, P., Thearle, M. S., Haskie, K., Walter, M. F., Schlögl, M., Bonfiglio, S. M., Krakoff, J. A., & Vinales, K. L. (2018) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-00387 · Cited by 12
Walking in the light: How history of physical activity, sunlight, and vitamin D account for body fat - a UK Biobank study
Klinedinst, B., Meier, N. F., Larsen, B. A., Wang, Y.-Y., Yu, S., Mochel, J., Le, S. T., Wolf, T., Pollpeter, A., Pappas, C., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22852 · Cited by 9
“(50), who showed that men with lean weight had greater brown adipose tissue than men who had obesity and that regions of visceral fat housed, on average, 70% of total brown adipose tissue.”
Background
Reduced brown adipose tissue‐associated skin temperature following cold stimulation in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Law, J., Morris, D. E., Robinson, L., Randell, T. L., Denvir, L., Symonds, M. E., & Budge, H. (2020) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/pedi.13163 · Cited by 12
Fecal microbiota composition is related to brown adipose tissue 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in young adults
Ortiz-Alvarez, L., Acosta, F. M., Xu, H., Sánchez‐Delgado, G., Vilchez‐Vargas, R., Link, A., Plaza‐Díaz, J., Elvira, J. M. L., Gil, Á., Labayen, I., et al. (2022) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-022-01936-x · Cited by 12
“All SUV values were expressed relative to lean body mass [36].”
Background
“Humanizing” mouse environments: Humidity, diurnal cycles and thermoneutrality
Kasza, I., Cuncannan, C., Michaud, J., Nelson, D., Yen, C. E., Jain, R., Simcox, J., MacDougald, O. A., Parks, B. W., & Alexander, C. M. (2022) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2022.10.015 · Cited by 11
NOTUM promotes thermogenic capacity and protects against diet-induced obesity in male mice
Guo, F., Seldin, M. M., Péterfy, M., Charugundla, S., Zhou, Z., Lee, S. D., Mouton, A., Rajbhandari, P., Zhang, W., Pellegrini, M. A., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95720-1 · Cited by 10
Compromised browning in white adipose tissue of ageing people
Gu, P., Ding, K., Lu, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, W. J., Guo, Q., Liao, Y., Yang, B., Wang, T., Zhou, C., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad014 · Cited by 10
Promoting metabolic inefficiency for metabolic disease
Kazak, L. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107843 · Cited by 10
Sympathetic innervation of the supraclavicular brown adipose tissue: A detailed anatomical study
Mori, S., Beyer, R. S., Bernardes‐Souza, B., Sorg, J. M., Hoover, D. B., Sacks, H. S., Fishbein, M. C., Chang, G., Peacock, W. J., John, M. A. S., et al. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290455 · Cited by 10
“Supraclavicular fat is the metabolically important and one dominant depot of human brown adipose tissue (BAT) [1, 2].”
The role of brown adipose tissue in branched-chain amino acid clearance in people
Abdelhafez, Y. G., Wang, G., Li, S., Pellegrinelli, V., Chaudhari, A. J., Ramirez, A., Şen, F., Vidal‐Puig, A., Sidossis, L. S., Klein, S., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110559 · Cited by 10
“We hypothesized that supraclavicular adipose tissue (the primary location of human BAT 15 ) would demonstrate a higher BCAA uptake rate and a higher expression of genes involved in BCAA catabolism compared to subcutaneous abdominal and/or upper chest white adipose tissue.”
Endothelin 3/EDNRB signaling induces thermogenic differentiation of white adipose tissue
Wang, C., Tsuji, T., Wu, L.-H., Yang, C., Huang, T. L., Sato, M. M., Shamsi, F., & Tseng, Y. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51579-0 · Cited by 11
Evidence of Browning and Inflammation Features in Visceral Adipose Tissue of Women with Endometriosis
Abobeleira, J. P., Neto, A. C., Mauersberger, J., Salazar, M., Botelho, M. F., Fernandes, A. S., Martinho, M. S. L., Serrão, P., Rodrigues, A. R., Almeida, H., et al. (2024) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103064 · Cited by 10
Characteristics of lipid accumulation induced by high-altitude environment improve the total antioxidant capacity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Wang, T., Tang, C., Xiao, M., He, M., Li, Y., & Li, X. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143812 · Cited by 11
Assessment of CircRNA Expression Profiles and Potential Functions in Brown Adipogenesis
Zhang, P., Sheng, M.-X., Du, C., Chao, Z., Xu, H., Cheng, X., Li, C., & Xu, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.769690 · Cited by 10
“It had been considered that BAT only exists in infants, however recent reports detected functional BAT in adult humans (Leitner et al., 2017).”
Background
Brown fat triglyceride content is associated with cardiovascular risk markers in adults from a tropical region
Monfort‐Pires, M., Regeni-Silva, G., Dadson, P., Nogueira, G. A. S., U-Din, M., Ferreira, S. R. G., Sapienza, M. T., Virtanen, K. A., & Velloso, L. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.919588 · Cited by 10
Ctnnb1/β-catenin inactivation in UCP1-positive adipocytes augments the browning of white adipose tissue
Chen, N., Yuan, M., Zhang, N., Chen, M., Liu, R., Wang, J., & Lu, P. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106552 · Cited by 10
Estimation of non-shivering thermogenesis and cold-induced nutrient oxidation rates: Impact of method for data selection and analysis
Sánchez‐Delgado, G., Alcántara, J. M. A., Acosta, F. M., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Amaro‐Gahete, F. J., Ortiz-Alvarez, L., Löf, M., Labayen, I., & Ruiz, J. R. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.09.009 · Cited by 10
“In humans, BAT is much more scarce than in murine [8] and there is an open debate on whether BAT activity can significantly influence human energy expenditure [9,10].”
Background
The impact of training shifts in dancers’ chronotype and sleep patterns
Coirolo, N., Silva, A., & Tassino, B. (2020) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20200010 · Cited by 10
Total-body PET Imaging
Chondronikola, M., & Sarkar, S. (2020) · PET Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2020.09.001 · Cited by 10
Homing peptide combined with DNAzyme-based ELISA-like assay for highly specific and sensitive detection of fibrin
Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Hou, T., & Wang, S. (2021) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122995 · Cited by 10
Sex differences in autonomic functions and cognitive performance during cold-air exposure and cold-water partial immersion
Kong, Y., Hossain, M.-B., McNaboe, R. Q., Posada-Quintero, H. F., Daley, M. S., Diaz, K., Chon, K. H., & Bolkhovsky, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1463784 · Cited by 10
Upregulation of inhibitor of DNA binding 1 and 3 is important for efficient thermogenic response in human adipocytes
Arianti, R., Vinnai, B. Á., Alrifai, R., Karadsheh, G., Al-Khafaji, Y. Q., Póliska, S., Győry, F., Fésüs, L., & Kristóf, E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79634-2 · Cited by 9
“BAT and brownable depots were found dispersed in various areas, including the cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, paraspinal, and abdominal regions [8].”
Functional Complexity of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue: From Thermogenesis to Metabolic and Fibroinflammatory Crosstalk
Jalloul, W., Grierosu, I. C., Jalloul, D., Ștefănescu, C., & Ghizdovăţ, V. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189045 · Cited by 14
“Adult BAT has been reported to be present in cervical, supraclavicular, mediastinal, paravertebral, axillary, abdominal, and perirenal localisations [29–33].”
A fully convolutional neural network for comprehensive compartmentalization of abdominal adipose tissue compartments in MRI
Kway, Y. M., Thirumurugan, K., Michael, N., Tan, K. H., Godfrey, K. M., Gluckman, P. D., Chong, Y. S., Venkataraman, K., Khoo, E. Y. H., Khoo, C. M., et al. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107608 · Cited by 9
Near-Infrared Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy as an Indirect Technique to Assess Brown Adipose Tissue in Young Women
Acosta, F. M., Berchem, J., Martínez‐Téllez, B., Sánchez‐Delgado, G., Alcántara, J. M. A., Ortiz-Alvarez, L., Hamaoka, T., & Ruiz, J. R. (2018) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-018-1244-5 · Cited by 9
Characterization of BAT activity in rats using invasive and non-invasive techniques
Paulus, A., van Ewijk, P. A., Nascimento, E. B. M., Saint‐Hubert, M. D., Hendrikx, G., Vogg, A., Pooters, I., Schnijderberg, M. C. A., Vanderlocht, J., Bos, G. M. J., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215852 · Cited by 9
Role of natriuretic peptides in the cardiovascular-adipose communication: a tale of two organs
Mikusic, N. L. R., Kouyoumdzian, N. M., Puyó, A. M., Fernández, B. E., & Choi, M. R. (2021) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-021-02596-1 · Cited by 10
Chronic Fatty Acid Depletion Induces Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1) Expression to Coordinate Mitochondrial Inducible Proton Leak in a Human-Brown-Adipocyte Model
Takeda, Y., & Dai, P. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132038 · Cited by 9
“The detailed and careful comparison between young healthy, obese, and lean subjects indicated that obese individuals had less metabolically activated BAT in six anatomically distinct BAT-containing fat depots [14].”
Background
Xenon‐enhanced computed tomography assessment of brown adipose tissue distribution and perfusion in lean, obese, and diabetic primates
Garside, J. C., Kavanagh, K., Block, M. R., Williams, A. G., & Branca, R. T. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23519 · Cited by 9
COBL, MKX and MYOC Are Potential Regulators of Brown Adipose Tissue Development Associated with Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Children
Majeed, S. A., Dunzendorfer, H., Weiner, J., Heiker, J. T., Kieß, W., Körner, A., & Landgraf, K. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043085 · Cited by 9
“It was long considered that brown adipose tissue (BAT) was only present in small mammals, infants and young children, but recent studies have detected active BAT in adults though mass and activity decrease with age [6,7].”
Background

Authors: Leitner, B. P., Huang, S., Brychta, R. J., Duckworth, C. J., Baskin, A. S., McGehee, S., Tal, I., Dieckmann, W., Gupta, G., Kolodny, G. M., Pacak, K., Herscovitch, P., Cypess, A. M., & Chen, K. Y.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
ORCID: Leitner, Brooks P.
Huang, Shan
Brychta, Robert J.
Duckworth, Courtney J.
Baskin, Alison S.
Gupta, Garima
Cypess, Aaron M.
Chen, Kong Y.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2017-07-24
Volume: 114
Issue: 32
Pages: 8649-8654
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705287114
PMC: PMC5559032
OpenAlex: W2736913806
Cited by: 530
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 9
FWCI: 34.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Z01 DK071014, Z01 DK075116)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Keywords: brown adipose tissue, obesity, cold exposure, thermogenesis, BAT activation
MeSH terms: Adult, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Male, Obesity, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Body Mass Index, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Positron-Emission Tomography, Adiposity

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Mapping of human brown adipose tissue in lean and obese young men

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