The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mapping of human brown adipose tissue in lean and obese young men
Open accessAbstract
F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT). Obese men had less activated BAT than lean men (mean, 130 vs. 334 mL) but more fat in BAT-containing depots (mean, 1,646 vs. 855 mL) with a wide range (0.1-71%) in the ratio of activated BAT to inactive fat between individuals. Six anatomic regions had activated BAT-cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, paraspinal, and abdominal-with 67 ± 20% of all activated BAT concentrated in a continuous fascial layer comprising the first three depots in the upper torso. These nonsubcutaneous fat depots amounted to 1.5% of total body mass (4.3% of total fat mass), and up to 90% of each depot could be activated BAT. The amount and activity of BAT was significantly influenced by region of interest selection methods, PET threshold criteria, and PET resolutions. The present study suggests that active BAT can be found in specific adipose depots in adult humans, but less than one-half of the fat in these depots is stimulated by acute cold exposure, demonstrating a previously underappreciated thermogenic potential.
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“The role of BAT in adult humans is controversial since its detection is dependent upon the approach employed (Leitner et al., 2017; Porter et al., 2016; van Marken Lichtenbelt et al., 2009).”
From Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models (2020) · cites this paper as Leitner et al., 2017
Citations
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“In rodent studies, BAT can have an enormous impact on energy expenditure (35) and fuel substrate consumption (36).”
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Ma, Y., Zhang, Z., Ramos, E. T., Martin, E., Gunukula, R., Sprabary, K., & Jun, H. (2025) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-025-01946-8
“In adult humans, functional thermogenic BAT, composed of brown and/or beige adipocytes, has been identi fi ed in regions such as the axillary, supraclavicular, cervical, paravertebral, and gluteofemoral areas [ 13].”
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“BAT activity also declines with age [12] and increases in response to lower ambient temperatures [13], but decreases with higher body mass index [14].”
Karadsheh, G., Emília, K., Alrifai, R., Seo, M., Győry, F., Csatári-Kovács, R., Csősz, É., Póliska, S., Fésüs, L., Arianti, R., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1694542
“Studies utilizing positron emission tomography located BAT to several anatomical regions, including deep neck (DN), supraclavicular, axillary, paraspinal, and mediastinal depots, in adult humans [5 – 7].”
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Li, X., Dang, J., Guo, R., Griffiths, H. R., Lu, S., & Gao, D. (2026) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70838
“…suit increases EE (McInnis et al., 2025), although some studies report no significant EE changes (Mengel et al., 2022), potentially due to reduced BAT activity in obesity (Brychta et al., 2019; Leitner et al., 2017; Saari et al., 2020; van Marken Lichtenbelt et al., 2009; Yoneshiro & Saito, 2015).”
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Alfertshofer, M. G., Hartmann, R., & Brébant, V. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-01711-6_18
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Latest Advances in Obesity Treatment by Regulating Adipocyte Thermogenesis
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“In adult humans, thermogenic adipocytes are predominantly detected in supraclavicular, cervical, paravertebral, and perirenal regions, and many depots appear to contain mixed populations with both brown-and beige-like characteristics [148, 149].”
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“28,29 BAT volume was calculated as the sum of the volumes of the thresholded ROIs at each threshold and was reported in mm 3 .”
InfluentialFAM153A Is a Novel Biomarker of Human Thermogenic Adipocytes
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“Thermogenic adipocytes—often termed as beige, brown, or brite adipocytes—appear in the subcutaneous adipose tissue in the third trimester of the intrauterine life and persist throughout childhood, with increasing activity as puberty advances [12,14,15].”
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“Studies have found that obese patients have less brown adipose tissue compared to those with normal weight, and patients with diabetes and MAFLD also exhibit reduced brown adipose tissue [15].”
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“Lean individuals have a greater BAT volume, averaging 334 ± 188 ml compared with 130 ± 141 ml in obese individuals, and a higher prevalence of metabolically active BAT, with 38 ± 22% versus 7 ± 7%, respectively [135].”
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A futile Na+ K+ transport cycle augments energy expenditure in beige adipocytes
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Metadata
- Authors
- Leitner, B. P., Huang, S., Brychta, R. J., Duckworth, C. J., Baskin, A. S., McGehee, S., Tal, I., Dieckmann, W., Gupta, G., Kolodny, G. M., Pacak, K., Herscovitch, P., Cypess, A. M., & Chen, K. Y.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-07-24
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 32
- Pages
- 8649-8654
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5559032
- OpenAlex
- W2736913806
- Cited by
- 530
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 34.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Z01 DK071014, Z01 DK075116)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- brown adipose tissue, obesity, cold exposure, thermogenesis, BAT activation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Male, Obesity, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Body Mass Index, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Positron-Emission Tomography, Adiposity
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