Cited by 530Adipose Tissue and MetabolismAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesCardiovascular Disease and Adiposity

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Mapping of human brown adipose tissue in lean and obese young men

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Leitner, Brooks P., Huang, Shan, Brychta, Robert J., Duckworth, Courtney J., Baskin, Alison S., McGehee, Suzanne, Tal, Ilan, Dieckmann, William, Gupta, Garima, Kolodny, Gerald M., Pacak, Karel, Herscovitch, Peter, Cypess, Aaron M., Chen, Kong Y.·2017·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.1705287114PMC PMC5559032

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Abstract

F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT). Obese men had less activated BAT than lean men (mean, 130 vs. 334 mL) but more fat in BAT-containing depots (mean, 1,646 vs. 855 mL) with a wide range (0.1-71%) in the ratio of activated BAT to inactive fat between individuals. Six anatomic regions had activated BAT-cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, mediastinal, paraspinal, and abdominal-with 67 ± 20% of all activated BAT concentrated in a continuous fascial layer comprising the first three depots in the upper torso. These nonsubcutaneous fat depots amounted to 1.5% of total body mass (4.3% of total fat mass), and up to 90% of each depot could be activated BAT. The amount and activity of BAT was significantly influenced by region of interest selection methods, PET threshold criteria, and PET resolutions. The present study suggests that active BAT can be found in specific adipose depots in adult humans, but less than one-half of the fat in these depots is stimulated by acute cold exposure, demonstrating a previously underappreciated thermogenic potential.

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Background
Obesità: genetica e dintorni
Masi, D., Tozzi, R., & Watanabe, M. (2022) · L Endocrinologo · doi:10.1007/s40619-022-01174-6 · Cited by 2
“Nell’ultimo decennio, un crescente interesse è stato rivolto al BAT, che è stato proposto come un nuovo attraente bersaglio terapeutico per trattare i disturbi metabolici [27, 28].”
Background
Receptores LXR e seu papel na modulação do metabolismo e função de macrófagos residentes do tecido adiposo: uma nova ferramenta para o tratamento de doenças metabólicas
Pereira, J. A. D. S. (2022) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2022.tde-06052022-145847
Cancer and Lipid Metabolism: Roles of Adipocytes on Tumor Microenvironment
Chu, D., Nguyen, Q. H., Le, B. N., Ngoc, S. M. V., Quyen, M. L., & Cao, B. A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80962-1_106-1
Obesity in relation to cardiorenal function
Nguyen, I., Joles, J. A., Verhaar, M. C., Lamb, H. J., & Dekkers, I. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822186-0.00006-7
ADO-MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF TAURINE ALTERS THE CHROMATIN LANDSCAPE OF INGUINAL ADIPOSE TISSUE TO ENHANCE NON-SHIVERING THERMOGENESISPreprint
Tsai, P.-Y., Shui, B., Lee, S. Y., Liu, Y., Qu, Y., Cheng, C., Edwards, K., Wong, C., Meng-Killeen, R., Soloway, P. D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.02.526843
“In adult humans, thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) is located in the supraclavicular, axillary, and mediastinal regions and studies have shown that when BAT is activated after a 2-hour exposure in a mild cold environment, resting metabolic rates are significantly elevated [10].”
Background
An obesogenic diet mitigates brown adipose tissue‐induced thermogenesis, shifting the metabolism towards triacylglycerol synthesis and favouring obesity development
Pauli, J. R., da Silva, A. S. R., & de Freitas, E. C. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284341
“Leitner et al. (2017) verified that thermogenesis did not follow the BAT volume in obese humans undergoing cold exposure.”
Background
Turn up and burn up: aerobic exercise training as a strategy to preserve non‐shivering thermogenesis on an obesogenic diet
Linder, B. A., Agostinelli, P. J., Bordonie, N. C., & Stute, N. L. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284459
The role of perivascular adipose tissue and infiltrating macrophages in vascular dysfunction with inflammatory bowel disease
Willis, I. J. S. (2022) · doi:10.32469/10355/95153
The Association of CUZD1 and STAT5 in Adipocytes
Wigger, Z. (2022) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.5647
“active but is now thought to play a role in energy metabolism [14,15].”
Maternal PUFA Supplementation and Epigenetic Influences on Fat Tissue
Şahin, Ö. N., & Özpınar, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33278-4_18
Respostas do treinamento combinado sobre a captação de glicose muscular e cardíaca em diabéticos tipo 2 com excesso de peso
Finardi, E. A. R. (2021) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2021.1244822
Respostas do treinamento combinado sobre marcadores inflamatórios, metabólicos, autofágicos e de remodelamento do tecido adiposo em diabéticos tipo 2 com excesso de peso
Bonfante, I. L. P. (2019) · doi:10.47749/t/unicamp.2019.1231335
Potencial das vesículas extracelulares circulantes de camundongos exercitados no tratamento da obesidade.
de Mendonça, M. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2023.tde-14122023-105911
Effect of Electroacupuncture Stimulation on Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis
Li, T., Wu, M., Tian, J., Li, Y., & Li, Z. (2024) · Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies · doi:10.51507/j.jams.2024.17.1.1
“The heat generated by this mitochondrial uncoupling mechanism is considerable [8,9], which is sufficient to maintain the normal core temperature in cold environments [10].”
Alterações do metabolismo lipídico no fígado durante a termogênese adaptativa
Vieira, V. A. (2023) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2023.tde-06022024-102543
Investigation and description of the New Brain and New Mind hypotheses
Klinedinst, B. S. (2021) · doi:10.31274/td-20240329-457
The role of scaffold protein Tks4 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and in adipogenic differentiation
Szeder, B. (2023) · Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem · doi:10.15476/elte.2022.152
Bedeutung des Energieverbrauchs
Müller, M. J., & Bosy‐Westphal, A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58895-6_13
Non-Contrast µCT Analysis of Obese Adipose in Response to Cold-Exposure Reveals Sex-Specific AlterationsPreprint
Eades, A. E., Payne, M. M., Clark, Z., Evans, L., Walsh, R. M., Bye, B., Rekowski, M. J., Morris, E. M., Bossmann, S. H., & VanSaun, M. N. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.04.631266
Synergistic Control of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function by ERAD and Autophagy in Brown AdipocytesPreprint
Chen, X., Wang, S., Torres, M., Hao, S., Sun, S., & Qi, L. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.14.659625
“As brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in energy expenditure and thermogenesis in humans 81,82 , and considering that mitochondrial function and dynamics are critical to the pathogenesis of various diseases 83,84 , our findings have significant implications for metabolic disorders such…”
ASO Author Reflections: Imaging the Metabolic Signature of Periprostatic Fat: Advancing Risk Stratification in Prostate Cancer
Shen, C.-Y., Pan, J.-K., Lin, W.-D., Cheng, H.-C., Hu, C., Wu, K., Kuo, Y.-M., Shieh, G.-S., & Lu, P. (2025) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-025-17644-8
Thermogenic Adipose ADH5 Counteracts Age-related Metabolic DeclinePreprint
Sebag, S. C., Neff, T. J., Qian, Q., Asghari, A., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Li, M., Hao, M., Lira, V. A., Sun, H., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.1101/2025.07.01.662628
Synergistic Control of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function by ERAD and Autophagy in Brown AdipocytesPreprint
Qi, L., Chen, X., Wang, S., Torres, M., Hao, S., & Sun, S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7000214/v1
Investigation of the relationship between BAT activity and thermal comfort under short-term cold temperature exposure
Tian, T., Shang, Y., Gao, J., Lu, Y., Huang, R., & Hou, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-15529-0
“BAT is mainly found in the head and chest areas and promotes non-shivering thermogenesis in response to core body temperature reduction 6 .”
18F-Fluorocholine uptake is greater by human supraclavicular brown than white adipose tissue and inversely associated with body mass index
Suchacki, K. J., Ramage, L. E., Boyle, L. D., Kwok, T. C., Blanco, G. R., Kelman, A., Gray, C. D., von Kriegsheim, A., Gregoriades, M., Oniscu, G. C., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1101/2025.08.24.671970
Thermogenic Adipose ADH5 Counteracts Age-related Metabolic DeclinePreprint
Sebag, S. C., Neff, T. J., Qian, Q., Asghari, A., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Li, M., Hao, M., Lira, V. A., Sun, H., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108145.1
Thermogenic Adipose ADH5 Counteracts Age-related Metabolic DeclinePreprint
Sebag, S. C., Neff, T. J., Qian, Q., Asghari, A., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Li, M., Hao, M., Lira, V. A., Sun, H., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108145
Cancer and Lipid Metabolism: Roles of Adipocytes on Tumor Microenvironment
Chu, D., Nguyen, Q. H., Le, B. N., Ngoc, S. M. V., Quyen, M. L., & Cao, B. A. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00761-2_106
In Vitro Generation of Brown and Beige Adipocytes via Cellular Reprogramming
Kurahashi, T., Harada, Y., & Dai, P. (2025) · Cellular Reprogramming · doi:10.1177/21524971251399164
“…F-FDG PET/CT revealed that adults have metabolically active BAT in regions such as the cervical and supraclavicular areas, with increased glucose uptake during cold exposure (Cypess et al., 2009; Leitner et al., 2017; Saito et al., 2009; van Marken Lichten-belt et al., 2009; Virtanen et al., 2009).”

Authors: Leitner, B. P., Huang, S., Brychta, R. J., Duckworth, C. J., Baskin, A. S., McGehee, S., Tal, I., Dieckmann, W., Gupta, G., Kolodny, G. M., Pacak, K., Herscovitch, P., Cypess, A. M., & Chen, K. Y.
Affiliations: National Institutes of Health (US)
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
ORCID: Leitner, Brooks P.
Huang, Shan
Brychta, Robert J.
Duckworth, Courtney J.
Baskin, Alison S.
Gupta, Garima
Cypess, Aaron M.
Chen, Kong Y.
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 2017-07-24
Volume: 114
Issue: 32
Pages: 8649-8654
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705287114
PMC: PMC5559032
OpenAlex: W2736913806
Cited by: 530
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 73 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 9
FWCI: 34.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.pnas.org/site/misc/userlicense.xhtml (vor)
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: HHS | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Z01 DK071014, Z01 DK075116)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
Keywords: brown adipose tissue, obesity, cold exposure, thermogenesis, BAT activation
MeSH terms: Adult, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Humans, Male, Obesity, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Body Mass Index, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Positron-Emission Tomography, Adiposity

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Mapping of human brown adipose tissue in lean and obese young men

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