Facephenes and rainbows: Causal evidence for functional and anatomical specificity of face and color processing in the human brain
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Are some regions of the human brain exclusively engaged in a single specific mental process? Here we test this question in a neurosurgery patient implanted with electrodes for clinical reasons. When electrically stimulated in the fusiform face area while viewing objects, the patient reported illusory faces while the objects remained unchanged. When stimulated in nearby color-preferring sites, he reported seeing rainbows. The fact that stimulation of face-selective sites affected only face percepts and stimulation of color-preferring sites affected only color percepts, in both cases independent of the object being viewed, supports the view that some regions of cortex are indeed exclusively causally engaged in a single mental process and highlights the risks entailed in standard interpretations of neural decoding results.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Electrical stimulation of higher-order visual areas can elicit a range of feature-specific percepts in human subjects.
“Similar effects have been confirmed in human subjects, and previous work has demonstrated that electrical stimulation of higher-order visual areas can elicit a range of feature-specific percepts (Murphey et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2000; Schalk et al., 2017).”
From Towards biologically plausible phosphene simulation for the differentiable optimization of visual cortical prostheses (2024) · cites this paper as Schalk et al., 2017
Cites
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738 · see citing works
Self-citationDistributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex
Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063736 · Cited by 3,940 · see citing works
Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands
Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01633-7 · Cited by 2,498 · see citing works
The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information
Kahneman, D., Treisman, A., & Gibbs, B. J. (1992) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(92)90007-o · Cited by 2,218 · see citing works
Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex
Fedorenko, E., Duncan, J., & Kanwisher, N. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1315235110 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional specificity in the human brain: a window into the functional architecture of the mind
Kanwisher, N. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1005062107 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Self-citationOrigins of neuroscience: a history of explorations into brain function
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-0292 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Face recognition in human extrastriate cortex.
Allison, T., Ginter, H., McCarthy, G., Nobre, A. C., Puce, A., Luby, M., & Spencer, D. D. (1994) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.821 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8
Hadjikhani, N. K., Liu, A. K., Dale, A. M., Cavanagh, P., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/681 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
The architecture of the colour centre in the human visual brain: new results and a review *
Bartels, A., & Zeki, S. (2000) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00905.x · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Baker, C. I., Jia Liu, B., Wald, L. L., Kwong, K. K., Benner, T., & Kanwisher, N. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0703300104 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Self-citationMcKeefry, D. J. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.12.2229 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization
Afraz, S.-R., Kiani, R., & Esteky, H. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04982 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Electrical Stimulation of Human Fusiform Face-Selective Regions Distorts Face Perception
Parvizi, J., Jacques, C., Foster, B. L., Withoft, N., Rangarajan, V., Weiner, K. S., & Grill-Spector, K. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2609-12.2012 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Triple Dissociation of Faces, Bodies, and Objects in Extrastriate Cortex
Pitcher, D., Charles, L., Devlin, J. T., Walsh, V., & Duchaine, B. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.007 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Origins of neuroscience: A history of explorations into brain function
Hanson, J. (1995) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(95)90079-9 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Specialized Color Modules in Macaque Extrastriate Cortex
Conway, B. R., Moeller, S., & Tsao, D. Y. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.008 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Functional measurements of human ventral occipital cortex: retinotopy and colour
Wade, A. R., Brewer, A. A., Rieger, J. W., & Wandell, B. A. (2002) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1108 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Navigating the Neural Space in Search of the Neural Code
Jazayeri, M., & Afraz, A. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.019 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Rangarajan, V., Hermes, D., Foster, B. L., Weiner, K. S., Jacques, C., Grill-Spector, K., & Parvizi, J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0527-14.2014 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Only some spatial patterns of fMRI response are read out in task performance
Williams, M., Dang, S., & Kanwisher, N. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1900 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Self-citationRepetition blindness and illusory conjunctions: Errors in binding visual types with visual tokens.
Kanwisher, N. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.17.2.404 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Self-citationLafer-Sousa, R., Conway, B. R., & Kanwisher, N. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3164-15.2016 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationPolk, T. A., & Farah, M. J. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.847 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Afraz, A., Boyden, E. S., & DiCarlo, J. J. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1423328112 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Precedence of the Eye Region in Neural Processing of Faces
Issa, E. B., & DiCarlo, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2391-12.2012 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Wada, Y. (2001) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.2.254 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Quest for the FFA and Where It Led
Kanwisher, N. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1706-16.2016 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationIs neuroimaging measuring information in the brain?
de‐Wit, L., Alexander, D. M., Ekroll, V., & Wagemans, J. P. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1002-0 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
The effect of face patch microstimulation on perception of faces and objects
Moeller, S., Crapse, T. B., Chang, L., & Tsao, D. Y. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4527 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Conway, B. R., & Tsao, D. Y. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0810943106 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Perceiving electrical stimulation of identified human visual areas
Murphey, D. K., Maunsell, J. H. R., Beauchamp, M. S., & Yoshor, D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0804998106 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Reddy, L., & Kanwisher, N. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.043 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctional Subdomains within Human FFA
Çukur, T., Huth, A. G., Nishimoto, S., & Gallant, J. L. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1259-13.2013 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A causal relationship between face-patch activity and face-detection behavior
Sadagopan, S., Zarco, W., & Freiwald, W. A. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18558 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Transient Inability to Distinguish Between Faces: Electrophysiologic Studies
Mundel, T., MILTON, J. G., Dimitrov, A. G., Wilson, H. W., Pelizzari, C., Uftring, S. J., Torres, I. J., Erickson, R. K., Spire, J., & Towle, V. L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1097/00004691-200304000-00003 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Organization and Operation of Inferior Temporal Cortex
Conway, B. R. (2018) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-091517-034202 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Organic Electrochemical Transistors for In Vivo Bioelectronics
Nawaz, A., Liu, Q., Leong, W. L., Fairfull‐Smith, K. E., & Sonar, P. M. (2021) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202101874 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
A neural population selective for song in human auditory cortex
Norman-Haignere, S., Feather, J., Boebinger, D., Brunner, P., Ritaccio, A. L., McDermott, J. H., Schalk, G., & Kanwisher, N. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.069 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationThe macaque face patch system: a turtle’s underbelly for the brain
Hesse, J. K., & Tsao, D. Y. (2020) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-00393-w · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Grossman, S., Gaziv, G., Yeagle, E. M., Harel, M., Mégevand, P., Groppe, D. M., Khuvis, S., Herrero, J. L., Irani, M., Mehta, A. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12623-6 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Computational models of category-selective brain regions enable high-throughput tests of selectivity
Murty, N. A. R., Bashivan, P., Abate, A., DiCarlo, J. J., & Kanwisher, N. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25409-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationMind Reading and Writing: The Future of Neurotechnology
Roelfsema, P. R., Denys, D., & Klink, P. C. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.001 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Khosla, M., Murty, N. A. R., & Kanwisher, N. (2022) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Origins of Cortical Face Areas
Powell, L. J., Kosakowski, H. L., & Saxe, R. R. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.009 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Perirhinal circuits for memory processing
Miyashita, Y. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0213-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Poldrack, R. A. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02793-y · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Tononi, G., Boly, M., & Cirelli, C. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
A quantitative method for evaluating cortical responses to electrical stimulation
Crowther, L. J., Brunner, P., Kapeller, C., Guger, C., Kamada, K., Bunch, M. E., Frawley, B. K., Lynch, T. M., Ritaccio, A. L., & Schalk, G. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.034 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationDeafferentation as a cause of hallucinations
Marschall, T. M., Brederoo, S., Ćurĉić‐Blake, B., & Sommer, I. E. (2020) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000586 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dissociable Neural Systems for Recognizing Places and Navigating through Them
Persichetti, A. S., & Dilks, D. D. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1200-18.2018 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Fast temporal dynamics and causal relevance of face processing in the human temporal cortex
Schrouff, J., Raccah, O., Baek, S., Rangarajan, V., Salehi, S., Mourão-Miranda, J., Helili, Z., Daitch, A. L., & Parvizi, J. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-14432-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Rajalingham, R., & DiCarlo, J. J. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.02.001 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Representation of color, form, and their conjunction across the human ventral visual pathway
Taylor, J., & Yaoda Xu, A. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118941 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The neural code for “face cells” is not face-specific
Vinken, K., Prince, J. S., Konkle, T., & Livingstone, M. S. (2023) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg1736 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Contrastive learning explains the emergence and function of visual category-selective regions
Prince, J. S., Alvarez, G. A., & Konkle, T. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adl1776 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Representational similarity precedes category selectivity in the developing ventral visual pathway
Cohen, M. A., Dilks, D. D., Koldewyn, K., Weigelt, S., Feather, J., Kell, A. J. E., Keil, B. R., Fischl, B. R., Zöllei, L., Wald, L. L., et al. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.010 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationMore Than the Face: Representations of Bodies in the Inferior Temporal Cortex
Vogels, R. (2022) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-100720-113429 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Volfart, A., Yan, X., Maillard, L. G., Colnat‐Coulbois, S., Hossu, G., Rossion, B., & Jonas, J. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118932 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Dobs, K., Yuan, J., Martinez, J., & Kanwisher, N. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2220642120 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Grinten, M., de Ruyter van Steveninck, J., Lozano, A., Pijnacker, L., Rueckauer, B., Roelfsema, P., van Gerven, M., van Wezel, R., Güçlü, U., & Güçlütürk, Y. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.85812 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Similar effects have been confirmed in human subjects, and previous work has demonstrated that electrical stimulation of higher-order visual areas can elicit a range of feature-specific percepts ( Murphey et al., 2009 ; Lee et al., 2000 ; Schalk et al., 2017 ).”
ResultRepresentational similarity analysis in neuroimaging: proxy vehicles and provisional representations
Roskies, A. L. (2021) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-021-03052-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Li, G., Jiang, S., Chen, C., Brunner, P., Wu, Z., Schalk, G., Chen, L., & Zhang, D. (2019) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab51a5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationFunctionally and structurally distinct fusiform face area(s) in over 1000 participants
Chen, X. S., Liu, X., Parker, B. J., Zhen, Z., & Weiner, K. S. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119765 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
What Cognitive Neurology Teaches Us about Our Experience of Color
Siuda-Krzywicka, K., & Bartolomeo, P. (2019) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858419882621 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Taubert, J., Ritchie, J. B., Ungerleider, L. G., & Baker, C. I. (2021) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02420-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Rethinking category-selectivity in human visual cortex
Ritchie, J. B., Wardle, S. G., Vaziri-Pashkam, M., Kravitz, D. J., & Baker, C. I. (2025) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2025.2543890 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Jonas, J., & Rossion, B. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15235 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Real-time detection and discrimination of visual perception using electrocorticographic signals
Kapeller, C., Ogawa, H., Schalk, G., Kunii, N., Coon, W. G., Scharinger, J., Guger, C., & Kamada, K. (2018) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aaa9f6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationClustered functional domains for curves and corners in cortical area V4
Jiang, R., Andolina, I. M., Li, M., & Tang, S. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63798 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Rossion, B. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108279 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rossion, B., Jacques, C., & Jonas, J. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13020354 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
System neuroscience: Past, present, and future
Rizzolatti, G., Fabbri‐Destro, M., Caruana, F., & Avanzini, P. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12997 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Rączy, K., Urbańczyk, A., Korczyk, M., Szewczyk, J., Sumera, E., & Marcin Szwed, A. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01407 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Steps towards neural decoding of colors
Zaidi, Q., & Conway, B. R. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.10.011 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Searching for Face-Category Representation in the Avian Visual Forebrain
Clark, W., Porter, B. S., & Colombo, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00140 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Association vs dissociation and setting appropriate criteria for object agnosia
Garrido, L., Duchaine, B., & Degutis, J. M. (2018) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2018.1431875 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Decoding Attentional State to Faces and Scenes Using EEG Brainwaves
Abiri, R., Borhani, S., Jiang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2019) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2019/6862031 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cortical Face-Selective Responses Emerge Early in Human Infancy
Kosakowski, H. L., Cohen, M. A., Herrera, L., Nichoson, I. F., Kanwisher, N., & Saxe, R. R. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0117-24.2024 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationImage-dependence of the detectability of optogenetic stimulation in macaque inferotemporal cortex
Azadi, R., Bohn, S., Lopez, E., Lafer-Sousa, R., Wang, K., Eldridge, M. A. G., & Afraz, A. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.021 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPerceptography unveils the causal contribution of inferior temporal cortex to visual perception
Shahbazi, A., Ma, T., Pernuš, M., Scheirer, W. J., & Afraz, A. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-47356-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Workshops of the eighth international brain–computer interface meeting: BCIs: the next frontier
Huggins, J. E., Krusienski, D. J., Vansteensel, M. J., Valeriani, D., Thelen, A., Stavisky, S. D., Norton, J. J. S., Nijholt, A., Muller-Putz, G. R., Kosmyna, N., et al. (2022) · Brain-Computer Interfaces · doi:10.1080/2326263x.2021.2009654 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationVolfart, A., Rossion, B., Yan, X., Angelini, L., Maillard, L. G., Colnat‐Coulbois, S., & Jonas, J. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108705 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Viola, M. (2020) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-020-02875-x · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Neurophysiological considerations for visual implants
Meikle, S. J., & Wong, Y. T. (2022) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-021-02417-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Research on the application of virtual reality technology in 3D animation creation
Hu, Z., & Liu, L. (2022) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170274 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Developing cortex is functionally pluripotent: Evidence from blindness
Saccone, E. J., Tian, M., & Bedny, M. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101360 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hagen, S., & Tanaka, J. W. (2019) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sanada, T., Kapeller, C., Jordan, M., Grünwald, J., Mitsuhashi, T., Ogawa, H., Anei, R., & Guger, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.616591 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationHuggins, J. E., Guger, C., Aarnoutse, E. J., Allison, B. Z., Anderson, C. W., Bedrick, S. D., Besio, W. G., Chavarriaga, R., Collinger, J. L., Do, A. H., et al. (2019) · Brain-Computer Interfaces · doi:10.1080/2326263x.2019.1697163 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationCharacterization of High-Gamma Activity in Electrocorticographic Signals
Gruenwald, J., Sieghartsleitner, S., Kapeller, C., Scharinger, J., Kamada, K., Brunner, P., & Guger, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1206120 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, Y., Tian, F., Song, Y., & Jia Liu, B. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108370 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Distributed network flows generate localized category selectivity in human visual cortex
Cocuzza, C. V., Sánchez-Romero, R., Ito, T., Mill, R. D., Keane, B. P., & Cole, M. W. (2024) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012507 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Faces as multisensory individuals
Fulkerson, M. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198866305.003.0022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Huang, W., Sun, X., Zhang, X., Xu, R., Qian, Y., & Zhu, J. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-03962-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tailor-Made Surgery Based on Functional Networks for Intractable Epilepsy
Kamada, K., Kapeller, C., Takeuchi, F., Gruenwald, J., & Guger, C. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.00073 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMiskovic, V., Lynn, S. J., Bagg, J. O., Pouliot, J. J., Ríos, M., & Wackermann, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Animal models of the human brain: Successes, limitations, and alternatives
Kanwisher, N. (2025) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2024.102969 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationHerald, S. B., Almeida, J., & Duchaine, B. (2023) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108517 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Face cells encode object parts more than facial configuration of illusory faces
Sharma, S., Vinken, K., Jagadeesh, A. V., & Livingstone, M. S. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54323-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Normal colour perception in developmental prosopagnosia
Smith, C. B., & Susilo, T. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92840-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Motion Capture Technology and Its Applications in Film and Television Animation
Guo, Y., & Zhong, C. (2022) · Advances in Multimedia · doi:10.1155/2022/6392168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Neural correlates of perceptual color inferences as revealed by #thedress
Retter, T. L., Gwinn, O. S., O'Neil, S. F., Jiang, F., & Webster, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.20.3.7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mapping macaque to human cortex with natural scene responses
Vinken, K., Sharma, S., & Livingstone, M. S. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2512619122 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lafer-Sousa, R., Wang, K., Azadi, R., Lopez, E., Bohn, S., & Afraz, A. (2022) · Current Research in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100063 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Grinten, M., de Ruyter van Steveninck, J., Lozano, A., Pijnacker, L., Rückauer, B., Roelfsema, P., van Gerven, M., van Wezel, R., Güçlü, U., & Güçlütürk, Y. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.23.521749 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Downstream network transformations dissociate neural activity from causal functional contributions
Fakhar, K., Dixit, S., Hadaeghi, F., Kording, K. P., & Hilgetag, C. C. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-52423-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Role of the Temporal Lobe in Human Social Cognition
Bryant, K., Flattery, C. N. R., & Schurz, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108671187.009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dalrymple, K. A., Khan, A. F., Duchaine, B., & Elison, J. T. (2020) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13029 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Origins of Face Responses in the Human Cortex: fNIRS and fMRI Evidence From Infants
Saxe, R. R., & Kosakowski, H. L. (2025) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214251327113 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Distinct Resting‐State Connectomes for Face and Scene Perception Predict Individual Task Performance
Soyuhos, O., Scarpa, A., & Baldauf, D. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70498 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Parmar, H. S., Tahvildar, A., Ghasemi, E., Jung, S., Davis, F. D., & Walden, E. A. (2022) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102531 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Mergan, E., & Vogels, R. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgac010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jonas, J., & Rossion, B. (2023) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20910-9_39 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Face pareidolia minimally engages macaque face selective neurons
Koyano, K. W., Taubert, J., Robison, W., Waidmann, E. N., & Leopold, D. A. (2025) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102709 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Color perception matches selectivity in human early visual cortex
Wang, Q., Luo, L., Wang, J., & Luan, G. (2019) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2019.09.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Improved Speech Hearing in Noise with Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation
Patel, P., Khalighinejad, B., Herrero, J. L., Bickel, S., Mehta, A. D., & Mesgarani, N. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1468-21.2022 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perception of Faces and Other Progressively Higher-Order Properties
Calzavarini, F., & Voltolini, A. (2022) · Topoi · doi:10.1007/s11245-022-09802-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Spatio-temporal evolution of human neural activity during visually cued hand movements
Li, G., Jiang, S., Meng, J., Wu, Z., Jiang, H., Fan, Z., Hu, J. Z., Sheng, X., Zhang, D., Schalk, G., et al. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad242 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat is a theory of neural representation for?
Richmond, A. (2024) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-024-04816-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Common brain areas in spatial navigation and visuo-spatial planning: A meta-analysis
Pepe, S., von Gal, A., Fabiani, G., & Piccardi, L. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106295 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Face-Selective Neurons: Comparative Perspectives
Clark, W. J., & Colombo, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_2053-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Structure and function in the predictive brain
Facchin, M., & Viola, M. (2025) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-025-10000-w · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Novel Experimental Study to Enhance the Attentional State using EEG Signals
Bandaru, J., & Pachumutthu, R. (2020) · IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) · doi:10.1109/sas48726.2020.9220056 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Frontotemporal network contribution to occluded face processing
Noroozi, J., Rezayat, E., & Dehaqani, M. A. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2407457121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Attenuation of High Gamma Activity by Repetitive Motor Tasks
Sanada, T., Kapeller, C., Jordan, M., Miyauchi, M., Fukuyama, S., Kimura, T., Hiroshima, S., Kinoshita, M., Nakano, N., Guger, C., et al. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70153 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationOnline Detection of Real-World Faces in ECoG Signals
Kapeller, C., Grünwald, J., Kamada, K., Ogawa, H., Fukuyama, S., Sanada, T., Prückl, R., & Guger, C. (2018) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2018.00030 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationTop-down modulation and cortical-AMG/HPC interaction in familiar face processing
Fan, X., Guo, Q., Zhang, X., Fei, L., He, S., & Weng, X. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac371 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Li, Z., & Shigemasu, H. (2021) · i-Perception · doi:10.1177/20416695211018222 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reasonable criteria for functionalists; scarce criteria from phenomenological perspective
Haun, A., & Tsuchiya, N. (2020) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2020.1838473 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Azadi, R., Bohn, S., Lopez, E., Lafer-Sousa, R., Wang, K., Eldridge, M. A. G., & Afraz, A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1331186/v4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Neural Activity Fails to Reveal Causal ContributionsPreprint
Fakhar, K., Dixit, S., Hadaeghi, F., Kording, K. P., & Hilgetag, C. C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.06.543895 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abdelrheem, T. (2021) · European Journal of Education and Psychology · doi:10.32457/ejep.v14i1.1542 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Electrical stimulation mapping of the visual cortex for epilepsy surgery
Jonas, J., Aupy, J., PETRESCU, A. M., Marchive, M., Perguilhem, S., Guinet, V., Laguitton, V., Sabadell, V., Chipaux, M., & Dangles, M.-T. (2026) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2026.103145 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Application of the Combination of Virtual and Reality in the Film Space Performance
Wang, Y., & Cheng, Y. (2022) · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing · doi:10.1155/2022/5409046 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unsupervised Quantification of High-Gamma Activity in Electrocorticographic Signals
Gruenwald, J., Kapeller, C., Kamada, K., Scharinger, J., & Guger, C. (2021) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441139 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Schalk, G., Kapeller, C., Guger, C., Ogawa, H., Hiroshima, S., Lafer-Sousa, R., Saygin, Z. M., Kamada, K., & Kanwisher, N.
- Affiliations
- New York State Department of Health (US)
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
- Guger Technologies (Austria) (AT)
- Asahikawa Medical University (JP)
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2017-10-30
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 46
- Pages
- 12285-12290
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC5699078
- OpenAlex
- W2766424791
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 10
- FWCI
- 6.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (DP1HD091947)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB018783)
- DOD | United States Army | RDECOM | Army Research Office (W911NF-14-1-0440)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- face processing, color processing, fusiform face area, electrical brain stimulation, electrocorticography
- MeSH terms
- Drug Resistant Epilepsy, Adult, Brain Mapping, Color, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Face, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Temporal Lobe
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review