SARS-CoV-2 spreads through cell-to-cell transmission

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Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19

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Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19

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The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade

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SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies

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Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

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SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein D614G mutation increases virion spike density and infectivity

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Antibody cocktail to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein prevents rapid mutational escape seen with individual antibodies

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Isolation of potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and protection from disease in a small animal model

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Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis

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SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are primarily expressed in bronchial transient secretory cells

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Immunological considerations for COVID-19 vaccine strategies

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Type I and Type III Interferons – Induction, Signaling, Evasion, and Application to Combat COVID-19

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Structural Basis for RNA Replication by the SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase

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Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein

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Comparative Replication and Immune Activation Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV in Human Lungs: An Ex Vivo Study With Implications for the Pathogenesis of COVID-19

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A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike

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Tropism, replication competence, and innate immune responses of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in human respiratory tract and conjunctiva: an analysis in ex-vivo and in-vitro cultures

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Syncytia formation by SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected cells

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Dysregulation of type I interferon responses in COVID-19

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The first 12 months of COVID-19: a timeline of immunological insights

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Neutralizing Antibody and Soluble ACE2 Inhibition of a Replication-Competent VSV-SARS-CoV-2 and a Clinical Isolate of SARS-CoV-2

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The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens

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SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in the United States—Challenges and Opportunities

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Convalescent Plasma to Treat COVID-19

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Innate immune and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2: Implications for COVID-19

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A Potently Neutralizing Antibody Protects Mice against SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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Attenuated Interferon and Proinflammatory Response in SARS-CoV-2–Infected Human Dendritic Cells Is Associated With Viral Antagonism of STAT1 Phosphorylation

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Cell-to-Cell Transmission Can Overcome Multiple Donor and Target Cell Barriers Imposed on Cell-Free HIV

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Public health actions to control new SARS-CoV-2 variants

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Host and viral determinants for efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human lung

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Cell-to-Cell Transfer of HIV-1 via Virological Synapses Leads to Endosomal Virion Maturation that Activates Viral Membrane Fusion

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Comprehensive analysis of drugs to treat SARS‑CoV‑2 infection: Mechanistic insights into current COVID‑19 therapies (Review)

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Isolation, Sequence, Infectivity, and Replication Kinetics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

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Hepatitis C Virus Cell-Cell Transmission and Resistance to Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents

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SARS-CoV-2 mutations, vaccines, and immunity: implication of variants of concern

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The T cell immune response against SARS-CoV-2

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The Mechanism and Consequences of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Fusion and Syncytia Formation

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Nucleocapsid mutations in SARS-CoV-2 augment replication and pathogenesis

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Understanding T cell responses to COVID-19 is essential for informing public health strategies

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Long Covid: where we stand and challenges ahead

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SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral fusogens cause neuronal and glial fusion that compromises neuronal activity

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Neutralization and Stability of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VariantPreprint

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Chikungunya virus and other emerging arthritogenic alphaviruses

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Riding apoptotic bodies for cell–cell transmission by African swine fever virus

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Improved control of SARS-CoV-2 by treatment with a nucleocapsid-specific monoclonal antibody

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SARS-CoV-2: A Master of Immune Evasion

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HIV-1 and HTLV-1 Transmission Modes: Mechanisms and Importance for Virus Spread

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Extracellular vesicles mediate antibody-resistant transmission of SARS-CoV-2

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Virus interactions with the actin cytoskeleton—what we know and do not know about SARS-CoV-2

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Randomised controlled trial of intravenous nafamostat mesylate in COVID pneumonitis: Phase 1b/2a experimental study to investigate safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

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A Newly Engineered A549 Cell Line Expressing ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Is Highly Permissive to SARS-CoV-2, Including the Delta and Omicron Variants

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Insight into the role of clathrin‐mediated endocytosis inhibitors in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection

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Engineering SARS-CoV-2 specific cocktail antibodies into a bispecific format improves neutralizing potency and breadth

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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron efficiently infects human airway, but not alveolar epitheliumPreprint

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Identification and differential usage of a host metalloproteinase entry pathway by SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Furin Cleavage Site and S2′ Basic Residues Modulate the Entry Process in a Host Cell-Dependent Manner

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Preclinical evaluation of Imatinib does not support its use as an antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2

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Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants: a brief review and practical implications

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SARS-CoV-2 hijacks macropinocytosis to facilitate its entry and promote viral spike–mediated cell-to-cell fusion

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SARS-CoV-2-associated lymphopenia: possible mechanisms and the role of CD147

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Tetherin antagonism by SARS‐CoV‐2 ORF3a and spike protein enhances virus release

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Within-host genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals

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Passive Immunotherapy Against SARS-CoV-2: From Plasma-Based Therapy to Single Potent Antibodies in the Race to Stay Ahead of the Variants

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Antigenic evolution of SARS coronavirus 2

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The role of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in diagnosis and vaccination in the context of emerging variants: present status and prospects

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New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic

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Initial immune response after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: similarities and differences

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Bronchial epithelia from adults and children: SARS-CoV-2 spread via syncytia formation and type III interferon infectivity restriction

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The Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Host Health: A Focus on the Gut–Lung Axis and Therapeutic Approaches

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An FcRn-targeted mucosal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission

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Neutralizing antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern including Delta and Omicron in subjects receiving mRNA‐1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines

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SARS-CoV-2 niches in human placenta revealed by spatial transcriptomics

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Intranasal adenovirus-vectored Omicron vaccine induced nasal immunoglobulin A has superior neutralizing potency than serum antibodies

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Host heparan sulfate promotes ACE2 super-cluster assembly and enhances SARS-CoV-2-associated syncytium formation

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Is Capable of Inducing Cell–Cell Fusions Independent from Its Receptor ACE2 and This Activity Can Be Impaired by Furin Inhibitors or a Subset of Monoclonal Antibodies

Reuter, N., Chen, X., Kropff, B., Peter, A. S., Britt, W. J., Mach, M., Überla, K., & Thomas, M. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15071500 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Epidemiology, pathogenesis, immune evasion mechanism and vaccine development of porcine Deltacoronavirus

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Immune Determinants of Viral Clearance in Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients: Reduced Circulating Naïve CD4+ T Cell Counts Correspond with Delayed Viral Clearance

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Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of the Dynamics of RNA Viruses in Presence of Immunity and Treatment: A Case Study of SARS-CoV-2

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Combined anti-S1 and anti-S2 antibodies from hybrid immunity elicit potent cross-variant ADCC against SARS-CoV-2

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Kaempferol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 invasion by impairing heptad repeats-mediated viral fusion

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Distinct motifs in the E protein are required for SARS-CoV-2 virus particle formation and lysosomal deacidification in host cells

Miura, K., Suzuki, Y., Ishida, K., Arakawa, M., Wu, H. Y., Fujioka, Y., Emi, A., Maeda, K., Hamajima, R., Nakano, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00426-23 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

SARS-CoV-2 Delta Spike Protein Enhances the Viral Fusogenicity and Inflammatory Cytokine Production

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Development of a highly effective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Herpes simplex virus

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Tight junction protein occludin is an internalization factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and mediates virus cell-to-cell transmission

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New Advances in Nanomaterial‐Based Antiviral Strategies

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SARS-CoV-2 entry and fusion are independent of ACE2 localization to lipid rafts

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Cell fusion as a link between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, COVID-19 complications, and vaccine side effects

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Integrin α 5 β 1 contributes to cell fusion and inflammation mediated by SARS-CoV-2 spike via RGD-independent interaction

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SARS-CoV-2 fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides maintain high potency against divergent variants of concern including Omicron

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Neutralization sensitivity, fusogenicity, and infectivity of Omicron subvariants

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SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron XBB subvariants exhibit enhanced fusogenicity and substantial immune evasion in elderly population, but high sensitivity to pan‐coronavirus fusion inhibitors

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Impact of mutations defining SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.2.12.1 and BA.4/5 on Spike function and neutralization

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Acquisition of Furin Cleavage Site and Further SARS-CoV-2 Evolution Change the Mechanisms of Viral Entry, Infection Spread, and Cell Signaling

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Impact of vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 evolution and immune escape variants

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Multivalent ACE2 engineering—A promising pathway for advanced coronavirus nanomedicine development

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SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Entry and Its Regulation by Host Innate Immunity

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Long COVID as a Tauopathy: Of “Brain Fog” and “Fusogen Storms”

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The Integral Membrane Protein ZMPSTE24 Protects Cells from SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Mediated Pseudovirus Infection and Syncytia Formation

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S:D614G and S:H655Y are Gateway Mutations that Act Epistatically to Promote SARS-CoV-2 Variant FitnessPreprint

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Potent inhibition of diverse Omicron sublineages by SARS-CoV-2 fusion-inhibitory lipopeptides

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Kidney organoids reveal redundancy in viral entry pathways during ACE2-dependent SARS-CoV-2 infection

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SARS-CoV-2 N protein mediates intercellular nucleic acid dispersion, a feature reduced in Omicron

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SARS-CoV-2 infection induces persistent adipose tissue damage in aged golden Syrian hamsters

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Lancemaside A from Codonopsis lanceolata: Studies on Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Action against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Variants of Concern

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Antiviral nanomedicine: Advantages, mechanisms and advanced therapies

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Cell fusion in the pathogenesis of COVID-19

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Development of a novel human CD147 knock-in NSG mouse model to test SARS-CoV-2 viral infection

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Antibody-mediated spike activation promotes cell-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2

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Differences in syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2 variants modify host chromatin accessibility and cellular senescence via TP53

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Recognizing SARS-CoV-2 infection of nasopharyngeal tissue at the single-cell level by machine learning method

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Human interaction targets of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: A systematic review

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Furin cleavage is required for swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus spike protein-mediated cell – cell fusion

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Astersaponin I from Aster koraiensis is a natural viral fusion blocker that inhibits the infection of SARS-CoV-2 variants and syncytium formation

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Elevated ubiquitination contributes to protective immunity against severe SARS‐CoV‐2 infection

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A Single-Round Infection Fluorescent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Test for COVID-19 Serological Testing at a Biosafety Level-2 Laboratory

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Progressive membrane-binding mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 variant spike proteins

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Improving Nasal Protection for Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection

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Porcine deltacoronavirus resists antibody neutralization through cell-to-cell transmission

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High-throughput screening of genetic and cellular drivers of syncytium formation induced by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

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The reproduction number and its probability distribution for stochastic viral dynamics

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Infection kinetics, syncytia formation, and inflammatory biomarkers as predictive indicators for the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Calu-3 cells

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Unveiling the Interplay—Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2

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Non-RBM Mutations Impaired SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Regulated to the ACE2 Receptor Based on Molecular Dynamic Simulation

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Homologous or heterogenous vaccination boosters enhance neutralizing activities against SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron BA.1 variant

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Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Clarity or Mystery? A Broader Perspective in the Third Year of a Worldwide Pandemic

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Evolution and viral properties of the SARS-CoV-2 BA.3.2 subvariant

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A shark-derived broadly neutralizing nanobody targeting a highly conserved epitope on the S2 domain of sarbecoviruses

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Metalloprotease-Dependent S2′-Activation Promotes Cell–Cell Fusion and Syncytiation of SARS-CoV-2

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Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory protein acts as a multifunctional broad-spectrum antiviral against SARS-CoV-2 by interfering virus binding to the host cells and spike-mediated cell fusion

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Cell-autonomous requirement for ACE2 across organs in lethal mouse SARS-CoV-2 infection

Tang, A. T., Buchholz, D. W., Szigety, K. M., Imbiakha, B., Gao, S., Frankfurter, M., Wang, M., Yang, J., Hewins, P., Mericko-Ishizuka, P., et al. (2023) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001989 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Assessing the potential of repurposing ion channel inhibitors to treat emerging viral diseases and the role of this host factor in virus replication.

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SARS-CoV-2 cell-to-cell spread occurs rapidly and is insensitive to antibody neutralizationPreprint

Jackson, L., Rodel, H. E., Hwa, S.-H., Cele, S., Ganga, Y., Tegally, H., Bernstein, M. P., Giandhari, J., COMMIT-KZN Team, Gosnell, B. I., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.06.01.446516 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Human ACE2 protein is a molecular switch controlling the mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission

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Antibody-mediated spike activation promotes cell-cell transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Yu, S., Zheng, X., Zhou, Y. R., Gao, Y., Zhou, B., Zhao, Y., Li, T., Li, Y., Mou, J., Cui, X., et al. (2023) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011789 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Post-entry, spike-dependent replication advantage of B.1.1.7 and B.1.617.2 over B.1 SARS-CoV-2 in an ACE2-deficient human lung cell linePreprint

Niemeyer, D., Schroeder, S., Friedmann, K., Weege, F., Trimpert, J., Richter, A. M., Stenzel, S., Jansen, J., Emanuel, J., Kazmierski, J., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.20.465121 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Single spike mutation differentiating XBB.1 and XBB.1.5 enhances SARS-CoV-2 cell-to-cell transmission and facilitates serum-mediated enhancement

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