Movement-dependent electrical stimulation for volitional strengthening of cortical connections in behaving monkeys
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Abstract
Correlated activity of neurons can lead to long-term strengthening or weakening of the connections between them. In addition, the behavioral context, imparted by execution of physical movements or the presence of a reward, can modulate the plasticity induced by Hebbian mechanisms. In the present study, we have combined behavior and induced neuronal correlations to strengthen connections in the motor cortex of adult behaving monkeys. Correlated activity was induced using an electrical-conditioning protocol in which stimuli gated by voluntary movements were used to produce coactivation of neurons at motor-cortical sites involved in those movements. Delivery of movement-dependent stimulation resulted in small increases in the strength of associated cortical connections immediately after conditioning. Remarkably, when paired with further repetition of the movements that gated the conditioning stimuli, there were substantially larger gains in the strength of cortical connections, which occurred in a use-dependent manner, without delivery of additional conditioning stimulation. In the absence of such movements, little change was observed in the strength of motor-cortical connections. Performance of the motor behavior in the absence of conditioning also did not produce any changes in connectivity. Our results show that combining movement-gated stimulation with further natural use of the “conditioned” pathways after stimulation ends can produce use-dependent strengthening of connections in adult primates, highlighting an important role for behavior in cortical plasticity. Our data also provide strong support for combining movement-gated stimulation with use-dependent physical rehabilitation for strengthening connections weakened by a stroke or spinal cord injury.
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Establishing a continuous link between the brain and spinal cord promotes the reorganization of residual neuronal pathways that link these two regions under normal physiological conditions.
“This cooperation probably plays an essential role in the reorganization of neuronal pathways that mediate neurological recovery in response to neurorehabilitation with the BSI.”
From Walking naturally after spinal cord injury using a brain–spine interface (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Discussion (Interplay between Various Forms of Plasticity; page unavailable) describes interactions between conditioning, behavior and other forms of plasticity that strengthen cortical connections. The Conclusions propose combining movement-gated stimulation with physical therapy to enhance motor recovery. The study does not establish a continuous brain–spinal cord link or show that such a link reorganizes residual pathways during BSI neurorehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Basic Principles of Learning and Memory
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- Authors
- Moorjani, S., Walvekar, S., Fetz, E. E., & Perlmutter, S. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moorjani, Samira
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2022-06-27
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- e2116321119-e2116321119
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC9271159
- OpenAlex
- W4283584930
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- HHS | National Institutes of Health (RR00166, NS12542)
- National Science Foundation Center for Neurotechnology (EEC-1028725)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- cortical plasticity, motor cortex, use-dependent plasticity, Hebbian learning, motor rehabilitation, stroke, spinal cord injury
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Haplorhini, Electric Stimulation, Motor Cortex, Movement, Neuronal Plasticity, Volition
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