Cited by 6,483Advanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Neuroimaging Techniques and ApplicationsOptical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques

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Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.

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Ogawa, S, Lee, T M, Kay, A R, Tank, D W·1990·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868PMC PMC55275

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Abstract

Paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood is a naturally occurring contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By accentuating the effects of this agent through the use of gradient-echo techniques in high fields, we demonstrate in vivo images of brain microvasculature with image contrast reflecting the blood oxygen level. This blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast follows blood oxygen changes induced by anesthetics, by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and by inhaled gas mixtures that alter metabolic demand or blood flow. The results suggest that BOLD contrast can be used to provide in vivo real-time maps of blood oxygenation in the brain under normal physiological conditions. BOLD contrast adds an additional feature to magnetic resonance imaging and complements other techniques that are attempting to provide positron emission tomography-like measurements related to regional neural activity.

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Self-citation
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Authors: Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W.
Affiliations: AT&T (United States) (US)
ORCID: Ogawa, S
Tank, D W
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1990-12
Volume: 87
Issue: 24
Pages: 9868-9872
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9868
PMC: PMC55275
OpenAlex: W2071714163
Cited by: 6,483
References: 12
Citations by year: 2026: 148 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 190 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 228 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 279 · 2018: 249 · 2017: 272 · 2016: 262 · 2015: 281 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 302 · 2012: 289
FWCI: 8.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
Keywords: blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast, BOLD MRI, deoxyhemoglobin, cerebral microvasculature, gradient echo MRI, high-field MRI, anesthetic agents, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, functional MRI
MeSH terms: Animals, Blood Flow Velocity, Brain, Carbon Dioxide, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Hemoglobins, Hypoglycemia, Kinetics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Neurological, Oxygen, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats

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Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.

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