The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation.
Open accessAbstract
Paramagnetic deoxyhemoglobin in venous blood is a naturally occurring contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By accentuating the effects of this agent through the use of gradient-echo techniques in high fields, we demonstrate in vivo images of brain microvasculature with image contrast reflecting the blood oxygen level. This blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast follows blood oxygen changes induced by anesthetics, by insulin-induced hypoglycemia, and by inhaled gas mixtures that alter metabolic demand or blood flow. The results suggest that BOLD contrast can be used to provide in vivo real-time maps of blood oxygenation in the brain under normal physiological conditions. BOLD contrast adds an additional feature to magnetic resonance imaging and complements other techniques that are attempting to provide positron emission tomography-like measurements related to regional neural activity.
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In the citing paper
“In conventional fMRI, the BOLD response is elicited by neural activity, which drives flow of oxygen-rich blood (27, 28)”
From Coupled electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and cerebrospinal fluid oscillations in human sleep (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“The most widely used fMRI signal is blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) (119) and observable with rapid pulse sequences sensitized to the T2*-weighted contrast (120–122).”
From Electrophysiological source imaging: A noninvasive window to brain dynamics (2018) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“This phenomenon is the basis for fMRI (8, 9) and is usually referred to as the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal, following Ogawa and colleagues (6).”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Because fMRI signal intensity is sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin (5-7), this change in blood oxygen content at the site of increased brain activity can be detected with fMRI.”
From A default mode of brain function (2001) · cites this paper as [6]
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R., & Tank, D. W.
- Affiliations
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1990-12
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 9868-9872
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC55275
- OpenAlex
- W2071714163
- Cited by
- 6,483
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 148 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 190 · 2023: 189 · 2022: 228 · 2021: 272 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 279 · 2018: 249 · 2017: 272 · 2016: 262 · 2015: 281 · 2014: 283 · 2013: 302 · 2012: 289
- FWCI
- 8.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast, BOLD MRI, deoxyhemoglobin, cerebral microvasculature, gradient echo MRI, high-field MRI, anesthetic agents, insulin-induced hypoglycemia, functional MRI
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Blood Flow Velocity, Brain, Carbon Dioxide, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Hemoglobins, Hypoglycemia, Kinetics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Neurological, Oxygen, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats
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